Question How do stars form?

[Catastrophe]

Harry,

Yes, the universe is infinite.

Infinite is a non-term. It is a mathematical fiction based on an impossible (unrealistic) predication
(a declaration of something self-evident; something that can be assumed as the basis for argument

As long as we have the 'current' speed of light, we are stuck with the constraints of a limited observable (personal) universe (small 'u'). In this context I can almost sanction the use of a non-word, since it seems to me unlikely that mankind will progress beyond this during the time we might reasonably expect to exist.

Since we will probably never pass beyond the constraint of a relatively small (if you want some linguistic nonsense, then call it infinitely small) shared observable universe since mankind is effectively limited (for the time being at least) (we might as well approximate a shared observable universe) it is, IMHO, senseless to waste time thinking about it.

I would settle for "the Universe is of unknowable extent. Best restrict ourselves to our observable universe(s)".

Cat

 

[Harry Costas]

Hello Catastrophe
The term infinite
means infinite.

Years gone by.
The universe was thought to be only our milky way.
Then the Hubble telescope showed the world deep field image 13.2 billion years.
and trillions of stars.
Now the James Webb can see 13.4 billion plus.
Once we thought we could see one super cluster of galaxy.
Now we can see over 19 super clusters.

The only limit we have is when people limit the possibilities.

Yes, the universe is infinite, and we can predict what is beyond.

 

[Catastrophe]

Hello Catastrophe
The term infinite
means infinite.

Years gone by.
The universe was thought to be only our milky way.
Then the Hubble telescope showed the world deep field image 13.2 billion years.
and trillions of stars.
Now the James Webb can see 13.4 billion plus.
Once we thought we could see one super cluster of galaxy.
Now we can see over 19 super clusters.

The only limit we have is when people limit the possibilities.

Yes, the universe is infinite, and we can predict what is beyond.

Harry, I disagree. The limit is set by the speed of light and the distance of originating object. Even without any alleged expansion, it may be that some objects are so far away that their light will never reach our descendants before humans become extinct, if ever.

The speed of light and distance of originating objects are beyond our control. Hence humans do not limit any possibilities. How can we predict "what is beyond"?



Cat

 

[Harry Costas]

On one hand you say the universe is infinite and on the other hand you have a limit.

I had similar discussion with NASA before the million second Hubble focus in an area of rice seed.
They told me that we would see the start of the BB.
I told them that they will see over 5000 galaxies in various stages as though they have been there.

 

[Atlan0001]

Infinity (both infinite and infinitesimal, in fact ultimately one and the same) is quality, not quantity. Countless. Without number. How many universes are on the head of a pin . . . the crest of a fingernail . . . in a drop of water?! Innumerable! An open system. A closed system. Open systemically, far and away well beyond the speed of light. And, at once, closed systemically, well within the speed of light. Multi-dimensional MULTIVERSE Universe of many universes, many horizons, many worlds.

The expansion, and the compaction (contraction) is the reactive equal but opposite local to the distant nonlocal infinite. It marks the local finite, relative "potential" of the distant (distant in omni directions) nonlocal infinity (both infinite and infinitesimal).

 

[Atlan0001]

"How can we predict what is beyond?" One predictable prediction in Chaos Theory's fractal zooms levels of universe (universes) is easily predictable, we are what is beyond. Our world of observability is beyond a horizon of relativity's breakdown . . . and this side of yet another horizon of relativity's breakdown. A ship, or a hologram, or a warp-space-bubble soliton, afloat in infinities (including infinities of event branches (universal branching out into every possible path at every individual point of spacetime . . . entropy, the never-ending turn, return, to the 'Wild')).

 

[Adoni Yannop]

Yes, the universe is infinite.

M87 is closer to 10 billion solar masses.
It is the center and gravity sink of our local group of galaxies, which includes the Milkyway and Andromeda.
Which is part with other groups of galaxies forming part of the Virgo Supercluster, which has a core over 200 billion solar masses as a rough estimate considering being a gravity sink for many local groups of galaxies.
Which is part of the Laniakea Supercluster, which forms part of a group of superclusters of superclusters.

Tongue twister.
There is no mechanical limit to a condensate core.
Mechanics of what?

Well Harry!! What you call a mechanical Condensate Core Attractor, I call a harmonized low GP1 Aether Particle System similar to a Low Air Pressure-Low GP1 Aether Particle System Pressure System on Earth Except that the precipitation instead of rain and storms is Stars, Galaxies, Local Galactic Groups And Virgo Type Galactic Clusters!!
I've never seen an estimate for M87's SMBH of more than 7.22 billion solar masses with the current Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration estimate given @6.5 billion solar masses in April 2019!!
M87's SMBH is at the center of a Low GP1 Aether Particle System similar to the Eye Of A Hurricane on Earth With Its Low GP1 Aether Particle System Accretion Disc extending all the way to our Local Galactic Group 55 million light years away!!
All planet and star low GP1 Aether Particle Systems combine their low GP1 Aether Particle pressure to form galactic low GP1 Aether Particle System Accretion Discs that combine their low GP1 Aether Particle pressure to form galactic low GP1 Aether Particle System Accretion Discs that form Local Galactic Group low GP1 Aether Particle Systems!!
And the local galactic groups around M87 as the GP1 Aether Particles Flow to M87's SMBH as matter heats up in and around M87 Galaxy the fastest creating the lowest GP1 Aether Particle Pressure Locally that come together to make the Virgo Centric LOW GP1 Aether Particle System and The LOW Virgo Supercluster GP1 Aether Particle System!!
The only difference in our thoughts is whether physical GP1 Aether Particles of mass flow and "PUSH" our local galactic group around M87 and towards M87 as the GP1 Aether Particles Flow to M87's SMBH as matter heats up in and around M87 Galaxy the fastest!!
Or If the magical properties of "Condensate Matter" some how "ATTRACT" all the Virgo Centric Galaxies towards M87 Galaxy and each other!!

 

[Harry Costas]

Hello Adoni
I did not call it a mechanical condensate.

Quantum Mechanics is quite different.

I think in my opinion. you need to research a bit more before you start concluding.

But! good imagination sometimes goes along way.

 

[Adoni Yannop]

Hello Adoni
I did not call it a mechanical condensate.

Quantum Mechanics is quite different.

I think in my opinion. you need to research a bit more before you start concluding.

But! good imagination sometimes goes along way.

Harry!! What does "There is no mechanical limit to a condensate core." mean??
Are you trying to say that there is no upper mass limit to A SMBH??
Even though the most massive SMBH, yet discovered, is given as Phoenix A @100 Billion Solar Masses??
Appreciate your response!! Have a nice day!!

PS): My understanding of Quantum Mechanics is that it's the science of measurement?? Am I wrong??

 

[Harry Costas]

Give it time.
There are always bigger.
The limit has not been recorded.

We cannot set a limit, yet.

Ton 618 is about 66 billion solar masses.
Phoenix A 100 billion

Wait till the cows come home.

The core of superclusters of galaxies, is a possible contestant.
The core of clusters of superclusters, will it end.
I would not be surprised in the near future, to have 200 billion solar masses.

No limits yet

 

[Harry Costas]

Quantum Mechanics is about atoms and subatomic particles.

The word Quantum was introduced by Max Planck1900, trying to find the smallest.

 

[Harry Costas]

Catastrophe said.

"Harry, I disagree. The limit is set by the speed of light and the distance of originating object. Even without any alleged expansion, it may be that some objects are so far away that their light will never reach our descendants before humans become extinct, if ever.

The speed of light and distance of originating objects are beyond our control. Hence humans do not limit any possibilities. How can we predict "what is beyond"?"

The universe is infinite.
Whatever objects are out there, they have reached us.
Even if they go through their cycles.

 

[Harry Costas]

All theories are up for grabs.

Contraction and expansion of small and extreme large are investigated.

Core of a supper cluster can pull in matter from afar millions of light years.
The core also expels along a vortex millions of light years. In the vortex you can fit galaxies. Prime example of Nucleosynthesis as explained by the Big Bang Theory, I'm not saying it is the Big Bang.
Our Milkyway is part of a group of galaxies that belong to a super cluster. We are in its grip and one day in a trillion years will be sucked into the core.

Contraction and expansion are determined by the gravity sinks around us.

The following is food for thought, it is complex, food for thought.

[Submitted on 12 Sep 2023]

Neutrinos and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis​

Xilu Wang, Rebecca Surman

This chapter discusses three nucleosynthesis processes involved in producing heavy nuclei beyond the iron group that are influenced or shaped by neutrino interactions: the v process, the vp process and the r process. These processes are all related to explosive events involving compact objects, such as core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers, where an abundant amount of neutrinos are emitted. The interactions of the neutrinos with nucleons and nuclei through both charged-current and neutral-current reactions play a crucial role in the nucleosynthesis processes. During the propagation of neutrinos inside the nucleosynthesis sites, neutrinos may undergo flavor oscillations that can also potentially affect the nucleosynthesis yields. Here we provide a general overview of the possible effects of neutrinos and neutrino flavor conversions on these three heavy-element nucleosynthesis processes.

 

[Adoni Yannop]

Catastrophe said.

"Harry, I disagree. The limit is set by the speed of light and the distance of originating object. Even without any alleged expansion, it may be that some objects are so far away that their light will never reach our descendants before humans become extinct, if ever.

The speed of light and distance of originating objects are beyond our control. Hence humans do not limit any possibilities. How can we predict "what is beyond"?"

The universe is infinite.
Whatever objects are out there, they have reached us.
Even if they go through their cycles.

Catastrophe, Why are gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves both given to propagate at the speed of light?? The answer is simple both waves propagate in the same GP1 Aether Particles Medium!!
By allowing gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves to both propagate in the same Real Gaseous GP1 Aether Particle of Mass Medium all the mysteries of modern physics can be explained including gravity and dark matter gravity, the event horizon of black holes and much much more!!
Electromagnetic waves are given to have all the properties of sound waves including but not limited to constructive and destructive interference, doppler effect, momentum effect and much much more BUTTE, magically, without a physical gaseous GP1 Aether Particle Medium about a quintillionth the mass of the neutrino!!
Smile Often and See What Happens!! Have A Nice Day!!

 

[Harry Costas]

Its healthy to express your opinion.
Someone said:
"Right or wrong your coming with me".

I have drawn some images to explain dipolar electro-magnetic fields and condensate Transients.
I will try to download.

 

[Harry Costas]

Quark Condensates are at the phase where possible Event Horizons can form.


[Submitted on 15 Nov 2023]

The ALMA-QUARKS survey: -- I. Survey description and data reduction​

Xunchuan Liu, Tie Liu, Lei Zhu, Guido Garay, Hong-Li Liu, Paul Goldsmith, Neal Evans, Kee-Tae Kim, Sheng-Yuan Liu, Fengwei Xu, Xing Lu, Anandmayee Tej, Xiaofeng Mai, Leonardo Bronfman, Shanghuo Li, Diego Mardones, Amelia Stutz, Ken'ichi Tatematsu, Ke Wang, Qizhou Zhang, Sheng-Li Qin, Jianwen Zhou, Qiuyi Luo, Siju Zhang, Yu Cheng, Jinhua He, Qilao Gu, Ziyang Li, Zhenying Zhang, Suinan Zhang, Anindya Saha, Lokesh Dewangan, Patricio Sanhueza, Zhiqiang Shen

This paper presents an overview of the QUARKS survey, which stands for `Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures'. The QUARKS survey is observing 139 massive clumps covered by 156 pointings at ALMA Band 6 (λ∼ 1.3 mm). In conjunction with data obtained from the ALMA-ATOMS survey at Band 3 (λ∼ 3 mm), QUARKS aims to carry out an unbiased statistical investigation of massive star formation process within protoclusters down to a scale of 1000 au. This overview paper describes the observations and data reduction of the QUARKS survey, and gives a first look at an exemplar source, the mini-starburst Sgr B2(M). The wide-bandwidth (7.5 GHz) and high-angular-resolution (~0.3 arcsec) observations of the QUARKS survey allow to resolve much more compact cores than could be done by the ATOMS survey, and to detect previously unrevealed fainter filamentary structures. The spectral windows cover transitions of species including CO, SO, N2D+, SiO, H30α, H2CO, CH3CN and many other complex organic molecules, tracing gas components with different temperatures and spatial extents. QUARKS aims to deepen our understanding of several scientific topics of massive star formation, such as the mass transport within protoclusters by (hub-)filamentary structures, the existence of massive starless cores, the physical and chemical properties of dense cores within protoclusters, and the feedback from already formed high-mass young protostars.