"We speculate that the process of forming stars in these galaxies must have been very efficient and started very early in the universe, particularly to explain the measured abundance of nitrogen relative to oxygen, as this ratio is a reliable measure of how many generations of stars have lived and died," Vishwas said."
Another very interesting JWST observation reported. I read this previously here.
Astronomers discover metal-rich galaxy in early universe,
https://phys.org/news/2023-02-astronomers-metal-rich-galaxy-early-universe.html
ref - Discovery of a Dusty, Chemically Mature Companion to a z ∼ 4 Starburst Galaxy in JWST ERS Data,
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acb59c, 17-Feb-2023.
My observations. Using
https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/toolbox/calculators.html, z=4.225, look back distance or light time = 12.262 Gyr. Comoving radial distance = 24.380 Gly. Using H0=69 km/s/Mpc, space is expanding at 1.7204144E+00 or 1.72 x c velocity. We cannot see this metal rich galaxy at the comoving radial distance and do not know if other generations of stars continued to enrich the gas with more metals. The interpretation of the metal rich observations should call into question the existence of the postulated, primordial pristine gas clouds created during BBN and Population III stars. What are those redshifts in BB cosmology to see those, i.e., pristine original gas clouds created during BBN and Population III stars? I know from some comments made in this space.com report,
https://forums.space.com/threads/da...-fourth-big-bang-new-research-suggests.60323/, BB cosmology has redshifts 3500 to 3 x 10^6 or more now. It is past time to unravel the mysteries of BB cosmology and using gas clouds to explain our origins today
