It seems to me if we want to have a base on the moon, rather than repeat the Apollo scenerio, it makes more sense to have a surface based vehicle that leaves the moon rendevous with an orbiting transport and transfers people and cargo.<br /><br />There is no reason anything has to be expendable, especially with the gravity of the moon. A simple re-usable vehicle based on the moon makes he most sense. <br /><br />Water could be launched to lunar orbit by dirt cheap launchers, picked up in lunar orbit and processed on the lunar surface using Solar power. Higher priority payloads and people would use LEO to LMO transports.<br /><br />Where I see a problem is trying to do too many things with one vehicle, reach LEO, go to the moon, go to Mars and return directly to Earth from both is too ambitious, something the Shuttle has shown. What is needed is various vehicles that can go from the surface to LEO, dock to LEO facilities and return to the surface. Next we need vehicles that can go from the LEO facilities to other orbits, to deploy and retrieve autonomous satellites or service manned facilities, and return to LEO facilities. The next stage is vehicles that leave LEO and go to lunar or Martian orbits and return to LEO and finally vehicles that go from the moon to lunar orbit and Mars and Mars orbit.<br /><br />This one size fits all attitude has never worked. Rip out all the lockers and load as much equipment and supplies as you can onto a Shuttle and take it to ISS. Why does a Shuttle have to be capable of two weeks in orbit when it only has to go to the ISS? Other than Hubble, once or twice what else does it need to do? Columbia's mission could have been done at the ISS just as easily, if we know all of what it's mission was. <br /><br />Better to strip Shuttle down and maximize payload, once ISS has enough power and room you don't have to take up crews to install stuff, the ISS crew can do that. ISS completion could be pushed up and Hubble could be refurbished once or twic <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>