My N-1 article I wrote for a magazine several years ago:<br /> />>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><br /><br />N-1: This was the then-Soviet Union’s lunar booster, a 30-engine monster with an unfortunate record of total failure. N-1 was the brainchild of Sergei Korolev and Nikolei Kuznetsov; the designer of the NK-33 LOX/kerosene-fuelled engine. Lacking the funding of the United States, the NK-33 was the Soviet Union’s most powerful engine at that time, producing 340,000 pounds (154,000 kg) of thrust versus America’s 1.6 million pound (725,000 kg) F1. As a result, the N-1 needed thirty NK-33s in its first stage to produce the required power. The N-1 produced an almost surreal 10 million pounds (4.53 million-kg) thrust. Because it lacked hydrogen-fuelled upper stages (like the Saturn V’s S2 and S4B), its’ LEO payload was a mere 75 tonnes and the Earth escape performance was significantly less than the Saturn V. Something like 20 tonnes versus the Saturn’s 45 tonnes.<br /><br />This meant the Soviet lunar lander design was only a one-man job, capable of staying on the lunar surface just a few hours versus the Apollo LM’s ability to stay for up to three days with a crew of two. The N-1 had its first test flight on February 21st, 1969, with a reportedly spectacular liftoff. This is the closest the world would ever get to a Nova-type booster. But 66 seconds into the flight when the engines throttled back up to ease dynamic loads, the engines came back too abruptly. A liquid oxygen line ruptured and started a fire. The KORD engine control system malfunctioned and instead of shutting down the offending engine, it over-reacted and shut off all thirty. The wreckage of the first mighty N-1 fell some 45 kilometers downrange.<br /><br />In July 3rd, 1969 the second N-1 tried again. This booster only made it a couple hundred meters into the air before a metal shard entered one of the Liquid Oxygen turbopumps and <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p> </p><p>One Percent of Federal Funding For Space: America <strong><em><u>CAN</u></em></strong> Afford it!! LEO is a <strong><em>Prison</em></strong> -- It's time for a <em><strong>JAILBREAK</strong></em>!!</p> </div>