Adding to my reply #8, it seems NASA does have a system to pay for damages without filing a lawsuit. The damaged party needs to file a claim under the Federal Torts Claim Act, which gives NASA six months to reply to the claim. In fact, that is what has happened. It was erroneously reported in the media as a lawsuit.
Under a space treaty, the Liability Convention, the United States would be liable for damages had the debris hit another country. But that treaty liability does not apply here because the damage took place in the United States. So, the Federal Torts Claim Act is the process inside the United States for debris created by the United States.
I am wondering how well that process would work if one of North Korea's satellites ended up going through the roof of someone's house in the U.S..