Have always been struck at how closely effect of earth's gravity and atmospheric density is matched by maximum strength of materials and energy released by chemical reactions powering rocket engine. I can imagine world with chemicals that have ISPs of 800, and worlds with gravity of .82 earth. One little detail of physical world changed and space program gets greatly easier. If aluminum was strongest possible metal, how would a civilization build a spacecraft? One small change and it isn't even remotely possible. It's just amazing how task is almost completely in balance with capabilities as set by physical parameters of universe. This all boils down to: With everything the way it is, engineering is always going to be tricky and expensive. Cost of failures is always going to be staggering. Orion concept, by utilizing nuke impulse engine, (nuclear instead of chemical reaction) drastically shifts balance in our favor. Early Orion spaceship designs included barber chair because lofting cost so low! Big problem with Orion was scaling it small enough to be useful (radiation and fireball engulfment of vehicle at launch were some other show stoppers). A small Orion ship might weigh 4000 tons and be built more like submarine than aircraft. This thread is not appropriate for big Orion debate (I am not advocting it here and now) but mankind has been working on humans in rockets since early sixties, and big game changing discoveries are not likely at this point. Big breakthrough most likely will involve something we haven't even imagined yet (most likely not in field of administration or technical management). That's why we're here at (drum roll, please) SDC. <br /><br /><br /><br />Engage!<br />J. L. Picard <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#ff0000"><strong>TPTB went to Dallas and all I got was Plucked !!</strong></font></p><p><font color="#339966"><strong>So many people, so few recipes !!</strong></font></p><p><font color="#0000ff"><strong>Let's clean up this stinkhole !!</strong></font> </p> </div>