Why is there so little water left on Mars?

My observation. Mars 4 billion years ago, would *enjoy* the Faint Young Sun problem, even more severe than Earth would. The space.com article says "For liquid water to circulate and reside on the surface long enough to leave these marks, there must have been a radically different climate than the one we see today. Mars, Earth and Venus probably formed from the gradual accumulation of the same basic materials, which means that they must have had great similarities early in their history."

Showing and explaining the origin of these *great similarities early in their history* is very difficult in origin science models using the protoplanetary disk in the solar nebula model . The accretion disk models seeking to explain the origin of Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury and explain their many differences observed today, run into various problems, often not reported or plainly shown to the public in my opinion. Some disk models use 2,000 earth masses, others use 2 to 4 earth masses in the region of the protoplanetary disk some 0.3 to 1.5 au from the Sun. The canonical dust mass for a star applied to our Sun, 10^-4 Mstar would be about 33.3 earth masses in the early solar system disk. The total disk mass then could be about 3,330 earth masses.

Can narrow discs in the inner Solar system explain the four terrestrial planets?, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.496.3688L/abstract, August 2020.

Constraining the Formation of the Four Terrestrial Planets in the Solar System, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...883..130L/abstract, October 2019.

Examining Initial Conditions of Planetary Formation Simulations, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AAS...23325509D/abstract, January 2019.
 
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