Basic Error: The accelerating Universe conclusion - reason

Page 2 - Seeking answers about space? Join the Space community: the premier source of space exploration, innovation, and astronomy news, chronicling (and celebrating) humanity's ongoing expansion across the final frontier.

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
Is it not the case that distance, r, experienced by D+, is area the flatlander's universe?

They each have a different concept of distance.
D+'s measure r is unknown in flatland.

We must not confuse D+ concept of length with flatland length.

Cat :)
 

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
This gets very confusing if we try to think only of geometry.
For the flatlander, r is unknowable. Only D+ understands what r means.
r is a separation in the dimension of which flat (=flatlander) has no knowledge.
What we are also calling 'r' is a separation which is, for flat, a separation, in his total observed universe, involving his total universe.
For D+, r is simply a length appearing as the radius of a sphere, a dimension unknown to flat.
The two beings, D+ and flat, have totally different understandings of what r is.
For flat, D+'s r is totally beyond flat's comprehension.

A change in D+'s length r results in an expansion of flat's whole universe.
To D, it is an insignificant change in an insignificant sphere, amongst, perhaps, zillions.
To flat, it is an intrinsic part of "all there is". A dimension beyond his understanding.


Cat :)

It would make more sense to rename D+'s "r" to R, and flat's "r" to x.

R is a linear dimension for D+.
x^2 is an increase on flat's entire universe, represented by the spherical surface.
 
Last edited:
"Communication across the great divide is inevitably partial." -- Thomas S. Kuhn.

Gibsense,
Your diagram is partial, incomplete, as such always is. If you did an exact copy transparency of it, turned it around to mirror reverse your diagram and would overlay it over your diagram you'd have a start on the hypersphere. The travelers' maps of the territory . . . the frontier.

This might help you see it in (possible) action as I do:

 
Last edited:
  • Like
Reactions: Catastrophe
Is it not the case that distance, r, experienced by D+, is area the flatlander's universe?
Suppose we assume for simplicity the 2D flatlander Universe. Its world is described by 2 dimensions a x b to give area. The D+ observer knows another dimension say 'd'. So D+ understands the volume. Even so, D+ recognises distance. 3 Dimensions.

Extending the logic we can see both the flatlander and the D+ recognise 'a' and 'b' as distances. Each is agreed (between them) as the same 'a' and 'b'. Adding 'd' to give a volume is still a distance, not an area. Adding a further dimension still is a distance.

But maybe I misunderstand
 
To flat, it is an intrinsic part of "all there is". A dimension beyond his understanding.
Ah, I read this ' out of turn'. That statement I would challenge. The flatlander could conceive of a circle. His mathematicians might suggest an extra dimension at right angles. They might then be able to imagine a vertical circle passing through their plain—a dot changing to an expanding line and then shrinking before disappearing.

To conceive of a sphere passing through their plain would be much more difficult to explain and understand; their mathematicians would need to add another spatial dimension. But, our guys have managed it -

Imaginary time is needed to achieve some calculations regarding Quantum Mechanics. It runs at 90 degrees to 'Real-time' and is spatial (Stephen Hawking, The Universe in a Nutshell).
Mathematicians talk about the beauty of formulae and express satisfaction as if only they can appreciate, through mathematics, the universe. As if in some Magical process their sums add up. But it isn't Magic and 'Imaginary time' is real (IMO).
 
To a Flatlander of the 'Flatland Universe', extra dimensions are step increases and decreases in magnitudes of Flatland. There is no other dimensionality, no outside dimensionality to Flatland, other than 0-point and 1-d string, directions of and in magnitudes . . . breadths and depths of Flatland (MULTIVERSE) Universe magnitudes to infinities . . . of "Mandelbrot Set."

The "Mandelbrot Set" defines the territory of the Flatland Universe!
 
Last edited:

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
There is no other dimensionality, no outside dimensionality to Flatland, other than 0-point and 1-d string, directions of and in magnitudes . . .

Yes. Flatland is two dimensional. But we have established that a sphere (surface) is 2D.

breadths and depths of Flatland (MULTIVERSE) Universe magnitudes to infinities . . . of "Mandelbrot Set."

I really do not understand this. A flatlander cannot perceive depths.
A D+ observing a flatland area can also see the radius R, but flatlanders cannot.

We must distinguish between what is perceivable to flatlanders and D+ beings. No?

Cat :)
 
Last edited:

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
Suppose we assume for simplicity the 2D flatlander Universe. Its world is described by 2 dimensions a x b to give area. The D+ observer knows another dimension say 'd'. So D+ understands the volume. Even so, D+ recognises distance. 3 Dimensions.

Extending the logic we can see both the flatlander and the D+ recognise 'a' and 'b' as distances. Each is agreed (between them) as the same 'a' and 'b'. Adding 'd' to give a volume is still a distance, not an area. Adding a further dimension still is a distance.

But maybe I misunderstand

Gibsense, how do you add a third dimension to flatland?
That would make it 3D, and it would no longer be flatland.
What can such verbal shenanigans prove?

Cat :)

Shenanigans = tricky or questionable practices or conduct.
I hope you consider this a fair description?
 

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
Gibsense:

To conceive of a sphere passing through their plain would be much more difficult to explain and understand; their mathematicians would need to add another spatial dimension. But, our guys have managed it -

Again, we must distinguish between our geometry and the world of a flatlander.

They are very different. To us (with 3D geometry) it is very simple.
We can see the first dot when the sphere touches the flatland plain.
As we see the sphere (remember in geometry, a sphere is a 2D surface - not a ball) the dot becomes a growing circle, which reaches maximum, and then decreases to a dot, and then disappears. We see the passage of the sphere through flatland. Flatlander does not.
The flatlander sees the dot-circle-dot sequence, but not anything in 3D.

I do not see any problem here.

Cat :)
 

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
Gibsense,

Each is agreed (between them) as the same 'a' and 'b'. Adding 'd' to give a volume is still a distance, not an area. Adding a further dimension still is a distance.

Did you perhaps not realise "adding 'd' to give a volume" can only refer to flatlander?
And "adding a further dimension", also, can only refer to flatlander.
D+ already has volume, so adding length does not give a volume.

Cat :)
 
Cat,

You are going in the wrong direction in your dismissal of depth to a "Mandelbrot Set" 2-dimensional Flatland and Flatlander. The depth is in the breadth of a reach to 0-point asymptote that goes to infinities in magnitudes of reaching for the 0-point . . . never attaining 0-point.

Flatland flattens volume toward zero ('0'), keeping it -- the flattening -- up to infinity. Volume will still exist because 0-point is an unattainable absolute. String 1-dimensionality goes from the well of infinite breadth to infinitesimal breadth which will still be infinite breadth in its entire depth of a vertical-like length to the horizontal.

It's the problem, the blessing and the curse, with being able to see and think and go vastly multi-dimensional MULTIVERSE from fundamental binary base2's '0' and/or '1', including the Trojan "parity" out of ((+1) (-1)) = 1/0 ("there will never be 'One World' until there are two or more worlds (division will have its null unity '0' of [quantum-discrete quanta] portion if it has to take it out of the 'GUT' -- the guts -- of '1' (the guts of 'unity')))! (I keep wanting to designate '0' 'Null-A' instead of "null unity" but no one, except maybe you, Cat, would even begin to understand what it means!)
 
Ad #37:
I realized this is not that bulky so brought it over in whole from "From a drop of water...." #643:

I know it is difficult to visualize and understand, but all outer-space is Flatland (infinitely) 2-dimensional mass-surface that is naturally set upon and can be artificially built upon in any number of ways, directions, and magnitudes!

1.) "0-point."
2.) "Superstring."
3.) "Sierpinski carpet."
4.) "Menger Sponge."

It's too bad so few see it as "Flatland Universe" surface, much less understand it or understand the potential to usefully custom manipulate it at large (warp SPACE (cutting curvatures), creations of soliton bubble waves, and so on) and small (facilitation and colonizing, and so on building to live upon or to work), as needed and wanted!
 
Last edited:
Jun 22, 2024
14
4
15
Visit site
The science:
By measuring about 2,400 Cepheid stars in 19 galaxies and comparing the observed brightness of both star types, they accurately measured their true brightness and calculated distances to roughly 300 Type Ia supernovae in far-flung galaxies.

The team compared those distances with the expansion of space as measured by the stretching of light from receding galaxies. They used these two values to calculate how fast the universe expands with time, or the Hubble constant.

The error: An assumption that the stretching of light from receding galaxies was due mostly to the expansion of space.
The alternative: The redshift (light stretching) observed was largely due to time dilation.
The logic: The spherical nature of the universe at extreme distances approaching t=0 introduces extreme curvature. The curvature acts to observe in much the same way as the spatial curvature on approaching a black hole. In both cases, space and time are rotated and time dilation occurs (at t=0 the rotation is 90 degrees).
NB I think the major misunderstandings are about:
1. That time has a specific dimension; this is not correct. There are 4 spatial dimensions. Time can 'act' in any direction of the 4 allowing the other 3 to be 3D space. However, do remember the radius is proper 'cosmic' time history and the radii of a sphere point in all possible directions of 4D space - I am referencing a hypersphere (a type of sphere)
2. That our position (on the sphere) is not unique. It is relative. If you moved a few billion light-years around the sphere t=0 would have shifted correspondingly (at 90 degrees to your time and space). It, t=0, results from curvature - not an approach to the BB. (similar to space curvature at a black hole)
3. The assertion that hyperspherical space curvature produces time dilation is only special relativity applied on a large scale (ignoring the effect of mass and relying on a homogenous nature of the universe).
4. Time is not a dimension but a process acting on the universe in any of 4 spatial dimensions but - within a hypersphere - in a radial direction primarily (cosmic/proper time) and rotated from the radial by speed. IMO
5. Time (locally) always acts at 90 degrees to the local space including where space is shaped by mass

There are no 4 spatial dimensions. This is an idea that I also had a while ago, but this is not the case. There are 3 vector dimensions. And then there is a time or density scalar.

You take a sheet of paper and increase the compression around a central point, the paper will deform under the action of the change in length and the spherical symmetry. This deformation occurs in the height dimension, which is not in the plane. The 2-dimensional plane thus deforms in the 3rd dimension.
Like this :
Screen+Shot+2021-10-09+at+10.52.27+AM.png


In a 2-dimensional space there is only one plane but in a 3-dimensional space there are 3 planes.

If the density is increased around a point in a 3-dimensional space, the space will curve but not in a 4th dimension, its three dimensions are sufficient for this. A 3-dimensional space therefore has the ability to fold back on itself without the need for a 4th. Just imagine an infinity of superimposed curved planes. Each will produce a curvature in the dimension orthogonal to it and ultimately there is no need for a 4th vector.
It should be seen like this:


The geometry of the universe is elliptical and quaternionic :
 
Last edited:
Apr 1, 2022
57
8
1,535
Visit site
I have been a firm believer that time has been speeding up since the BB.
i think there is likely a relationship between space and time much similar to electro and magnetism

so the question becomes does time dilation cause the expansion or does the expansion cause the time dilation?

perhaps Dark Energy is just that feedback loop.

it is starting to look like we live in a steady state universe that follows the laws of entropy.
that BB singularity is just an mathematical illusion just like the distant horizon is.
it is just a product of time dilation over time.
 
Last edited:
Apr 1, 2022
57
8
1,535
Visit site
What do you mean by "time"? Universal time? No such thing.

Even with clocks, time is subjective for every individual.

Wake up and know exactly how long you have slept, without a clock.

Cat :)
There is only a "universal now" and by time i mean a local rate at which change can happen.

a second is the basic unit of time
it is the duration it takes for light to travel 299,792,458 meters in a vacuum
 
Last edited:
Time (entangling concurrent REALTIME NOW (t=0) instant) is the universally vibrating (the quantum discrete fluctuation) instant that records all change and the passing rate of changes. It doesn't make changes nor does it stretch out or contract the rate of change.

My! How people are blind! Has anyone here other than me ever seen how cartoons used to be made by page flipping sequenced frames of instants of entangling concurrent REALTIME NOW. Those page flipped sequenced frames of instants being light's coordinate points past-future histories' SPACETIME . . . a multiverse deck of cards, of time-frame instances, that can 'mirror' sequence to the length and breadth of "observable universes."

No one here apparently, that I've read, knows why there is that warning message on auto rearview mirrors telling drivers that those autos speeding at any apparent speed oncoming behind the driver on the road, are always closer to the driver in space and time than light at the speed of light shows them to be! The constant time-frame sequences are always old history and those drivers are actually -- in reality -- out front of that descending SPACETIME (t=+1) past history "observed universe" of time ascending in of some future history (t=-1) "un-observed universe " of time. That "un-observed universe" is always issuing brand new frame sequences of framed instances of an "event horizon" of quantum fluctuation (string vibration), of change (which is at that exact moment a back to the future moment that will NOT arrive to drivers ahead (always as past history (t=0, t=+1, +2, +3, +4, t=+5....)) until a future time (t=-..., -5, -4, -3, -2, t=-1, t=0)) at the speed of light ('c' (t=0)).

What keeps the universal quantum fluctuation instant (t=0), the universal string vibration instant (t=0), rigidly, inflexibly, diamond hard (so to speak) constant for all time?! I've answered that question several times over in several ways already! Einstein answered it once in his vision of....! Hawking answered it once in his imagination of....!

To be continued, maybe....
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Reactions: Gibsense
TIME is a duration. It has a beginning and an end. And it's rate is constant.

This constant rate of time comes from the motion of e. Motion can not be undone. It's a one way dynamic. And all motion takes and consumes time. Time is a necessary nutrient for motion. And one way length plus duration is a product of motion. Time gives us dimension too. Time is the concrete that holds dimension. Motion can not motion without time. No time no motion.

e has quantum motions. These have quantum durations. All of these quantum durations come from and are set by the first ground level duration, which is the longest quantum duration. This will be the fundamental EM frequency in the future. It's a constant for all matter. No matter the velocity of the matter.

These durations are the same everywhere all the time. The spectrum is set and can not be changed.

All physicality even the intangible time comes from e. The same rate everywhere.

When the long lost space brother returns he'll be the same age.

I'm betting it all turns out to be very simple. And a lot of fuss for naught.

I can only work with what I got.
 

Catastrophe

"Science begets knowledge, opinion ignorance.
CM,

TIME is a duration. It has a beginning and an end. And it's rate is constant.

You are talking about "clock time".

Each person lives by their own time, which inter-relates with clock time, but which is also personal to each.

Time, by its very definition, has been around for billions of years.

Cat :)
 
There is no clock anywhere in the universe but one only that constantly keeps the correct time (universally spontaneous (t=0) REALTIME NOW (t=0) instant).
I agree sort of. It's similar to "The Big Bang Centre is Everywhere".
Sure individual time variation is described by relativity but that doesn't mean there is no valid time reference from the point of view of D+ (the hyperdimensional 4D person)