By far the largest expense in human space exploration is launching to LEO, and Mr. Griffin has made it pretty clear what launch vehicles he wants; they are fairly cheap to develop but very expensive to operate. After Apollo it was decided that the next step should be a practical reusable spacecraft. Fuel is about 1% of the cost of a Shuttle launch. There's no reason it's expensive except that we only made one attempt to design a reusable spacecraft and haven't tried again in 25 years. That's equivalent to still flying only the Wright Flyer in 1928, or supporting a permanent base at the South Pole in 1957 with dogsleds. <br /><br />The X-33 was a technology demonstrator, not an orbital vehicle. NASA unwisely claimed that it would lead immmediately to a privately-financed SSTO vehicle, which wasn't rational, but the X-33 would have provided invaluable flight experience if it hadn't been cancelled. Together with the other technology demonstrators (X-34, X-37, DC-X) it would have provided the main element missing in the design of the Shuttle; real flight experince with a variety of technologies (spike nozzels, composite cryogenic tanks, blended wings, lifting bodies, air launch, powered landing, autonomous runway landing, etc) to see which were best for a practical, reusable spacecraft. This was why the Shuttle failed, not because there is a universal law that says a rocket can only be used once.<br /><br />This goes to the heart of the NASA mission. Once our job was to advance the technology of flight to benefit everyone. We went to the moon as a demonstration of our technical prowess. Now we cannot afford to develop technology because our entire budget is going into "demonstration flights". We can plant flags and footprints, or we can open the sky. We cannot do both.