livinglarge,<br /><br />Perhaps you do not understand the role that the Thermal Protection System fills, which is understandable, seeing as these things are rarely discussed anywhere. During re-entry, the shuttle pushes through the extreme upper atmosphere at several miles per second. At this speed, an object creates a shock wave, which travels with the object. This shock wave is what actually deflects the molecules of gas which are in the way, in the process imparting energy to them. This is how the shuttle loses the energy it aquires during liftoff, some 5 miles per second.<br /><br />The molecules that are pushed out of the way are heated to the point where the electrons are stripped away from the outer shells, which causes the molecules to form a plasma, which envelops the shock wave. This plasma can reach temperatures of around 12,000 degrees Farenhiet, which is hot enough to vaporize just about anything. However, the shock wave prevents this plasma from actually touching the orbiter, keeping the plasma at varying distances away from the shuttle, depending on location. The belly has the closest areas, and heat is transferred across the shock wave by radiation, as well as conduction, as the air comprising the shock wave is gradually pushed back and forth. The leading edges of the wings are another area that the plasma pushes close to the orbiter, and it was the defect in the leading edge which allowed wisps of plasma to enter the wing, due to the irregular shape of the shock wave in that area.<br /><br />The ceramic tiles used on the shuttle are a wonderful creation, made possible by years of research. A material had to be found that was capable of absorbing heat very rapidly, heat in the range of thousands of degrees, but to prevent that heat from traveling through the material quickly. Because the duration of the re-entry where plasma temperatures occurs is fairly brief, some 15 minutes, I believe, the tiles are able to absorb this tremendous heat, and the <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> The secret to peace of mind is a short attention span. </div>