Super gravity
Gravity, according to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AND) theory, is caused by the proven fact (see Lamb's shift) that electrons circling the nucleus are constantly emitting and absorbing 'virtual' photons. This process eliminates wave-particle duality, since by the act of constantly emitting and absorbing 'virtual' photons, the electron is self-stabilising its energy and does not lose energy and spiral into the nucleus: which is the reason why wave-particle duality was introduced into quantum mechanics in the first place. The (AND) theory of gravity considers that the Universe is permeated by very low (10^-51) energy photons that resemble infinitesimal electric dipoles, that have their origin from the time of the Big Bang era and fill every part of the Universe, including matter. When a bound electron emits a real photon, the virtual photons of the virtual photon aether, form into a line in the direction of emission of the real photon. Similarly when a virtual photon is emitted by the bound electron the virtual photons of the virtual photon aether, form into a line in the direction of the emitted virtual photon. However, in this case, unlike in the instance where a real photon is emitted, the line of virtual aligned photons do not carry any energy, instead they represent the shortest distance between two points. If the line of virtual aligned photons falls upon another object, a reciprocal exchange of lines of forces takes place, drawing the two objects closer together. Hence gravity is always attractive. Gravity is also the weakest force in nature because it has its origins in virtual interactions. The emission of virtual photons is anisotropic, meaning that it can take place at any time and in any direction during its orbit provided one virtual photon is emitted during each orbit. However, if the virtual photons are not emitted in a single direction, they are emitted in prodigious numbers amounting to a rate of (10^14 Hz).
How can such a weak force result in stellar collapse?
A key challenge, then, is explaining how such a weak force is capable of driving stellar collapse, leading to supernovae and black hole formation. The answer lies in the cumulative effects of virtual interactions, increasing density, and runaway feedback mechanisms. In a massive star, electrons at the surface continuously emit and reabsorb virtual photons, aligning the surrounding virtual photon aether. Each virtual photon interaction is individually weak, but when scaled across the trillions of electrons per atom in a star that contains 10^57 atoms, the total alignment effect becomes enormous. The larger the mass of the star, the greater the number of electrons emitting virtual photons. As the star undergoes collapse, the number of virtual interactions per unit volume increases, amplifying the gravitational pull. While individual interactions are weak, the total force increases due to the sheer number of interactions occurring simultaneously.
What Triggers Collapse?
Collapse in massive stars occurs when internal forces resisting gravity weaken: in a normal star, radiation pressure (from nuclear fusion) counteracts the inward pull of gravity. This prevents collapse as long as fusion continues to generate enough outward force. In the Post-Fusion Stage – Gravity Takes Over. When the star runs out of fuel, fusion slows, and radiation pressure drops.
Virtual photon interactions do not weaken in the same way because they are not dependent on fusion — meaning gravity remains. With no opposing force, the accumulated effect of gravity (via virtual interactions) drives collapse. Why Does Collapse Accelerate? As collapse begins, several factors intensify gravity’s effect: As the star shrinks, electrons and nucleons become more densely packed, leading to higher rates of virtual photon exchange. Since gravity in the (AND) model arises from these interactions, this increase causes a feedback loop, where higher density leads to stronger gravity, which further increases density. Runaway Compression and Core Collapse; the contraction speeds up as gravitational attraction increases. Electrons get forced into tighter orbits, further increasing virtual photon alignment density, amplifying the gravitational pull. Eventually, the density is so high that standard atomic structure breaks down.
Supernovae and Black Hole Formation
If the collapsing star reaches a critical density, fusion reignites explosively, producing a supernova. The outward force of the explosion temporarily overcomes gravity, dispersing the outer layers of the star. However, in very massive stars, the core remains and continues collapsing. This is a different process due to super gravity.
Super gravity
If the core’s mass exceeds the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit, even nuclear forces cannot resist further collapse. Electrons merge with protons, forming neutrons, increasing nucleon virtual interactions to their highest possible density. However, these new interactions are not due to 'virtual' photon interactions, since at such pressures electrons are no longer present, the new interactions are due to neutrino emission. Neutrinos are emitted at the time of the destruction of the nucleus. The neutrino emission with a lifetime of anything from a femtosecond (10^-15 s) to 10^-26 s in interactions that occur within the sun neutrino emission may last only 10^-26 s. Therefore, the emission of a neutrino is a virtual interaction and just as in the case of a virtual photon, it results in the brief alignment of the virtual photon aether into a line of force in the direction of the emitted neutrino. It is this line of force that we detect as a neutrino and not the neutrino itself. Although the line of force due to a neutrino emission lasts for a short time, it carries energy as it is the resultant of large forces involved in the destruction of the nucleus. Thus, the line of force created by a neutrino emission, possesses energy. Normally, as in neutrino emission from stellar fusion, the neutrino which being a virtual line of force has little to no interaction with matter. Unlike the production of photons which occur at rates of several hundreds of trillions of Hertz, the emission of a neutrino is a one off affair and the density is not enough to affect gravity. Neutrino detection is very rare, for instance on average 10^10 neutrinos pass through every square centimetre of our bodies per second, if the average lifetime is 70 years, this is a lot of neutrinos, but fortunately, no ill effects are seen. When a neutrino is detected, it is a rare event and it is detected due to the fact that the neutrino passes too close to the nucleus, resulting in the destruction of the atom. So, in most normal cases, neutrinos lines of force with their very low interaction, have no effect.
Neutron stars and Black Holes
It has been demonstrated that normally neutrinos do not have much effect because of their relatively low density. However, in the case of a neutron star where, matter has collapsed to such an extent, creating unheard of pressures that it results in all electrons present being absorbed in the neutron making process, and only neutrons are present, the neutrino density is sufficient to produce super gravity. In such instances, the neutrino lines of force are present in such numbers and so closely packed that they can exert gravity. Unlike normal gravity, which is for the most part benign, neutrino induced gravity is always destructive. Any star or object that falls within the gravitational reach of a neutrino star has its atoms pulled apart, so that as the object nears the neutron star it is literally being torn to pieces. The gravity of the neutrino star being highly focused and very powerful, to all purposes resembles a tractor beam, in the irresistible gravitational force it exerts. If the neutrino star has enough material to feed on it becomes a black hole, if it runs out of material, it turns into a very dense white dwarf.
Gravity, according to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AND) theory, is caused by the proven fact (see Lamb's shift) that electrons circling the nucleus are constantly emitting and absorbing 'virtual' photons. This process eliminates wave-particle duality, since by the act of constantly emitting and absorbing 'virtual' photons, the electron is self-stabilising its energy and does not lose energy and spiral into the nucleus: which is the reason why wave-particle duality was introduced into quantum mechanics in the first place. The (AND) theory of gravity considers that the Universe is permeated by very low (10^-51) energy photons that resemble infinitesimal electric dipoles, that have their origin from the time of the Big Bang era and fill every part of the Universe, including matter. When a bound electron emits a real photon, the virtual photons of the virtual photon aether, form into a line in the direction of emission of the real photon. Similarly when a virtual photon is emitted by the bound electron the virtual photons of the virtual photon aether, form into a line in the direction of the emitted virtual photon. However, in this case, unlike in the instance where a real photon is emitted, the line of virtual aligned photons do not carry any energy, instead they represent the shortest distance between two points. If the line of virtual aligned photons falls upon another object, a reciprocal exchange of lines of forces takes place, drawing the two objects closer together. Hence gravity is always attractive. Gravity is also the weakest force in nature because it has its origins in virtual interactions. The emission of virtual photons is anisotropic, meaning that it can take place at any time and in any direction during its orbit provided one virtual photon is emitted during each orbit. However, if the virtual photons are not emitted in a single direction, they are emitted in prodigious numbers amounting to a rate of (10^14 Hz).
How can such a weak force result in stellar collapse?
A key challenge, then, is explaining how such a weak force is capable of driving stellar collapse, leading to supernovae and black hole formation. The answer lies in the cumulative effects of virtual interactions, increasing density, and runaway feedback mechanisms. In a massive star, electrons at the surface continuously emit and reabsorb virtual photons, aligning the surrounding virtual photon aether. Each virtual photon interaction is individually weak, but when scaled across the trillions of electrons per atom in a star that contains 10^57 atoms, the total alignment effect becomes enormous. The larger the mass of the star, the greater the number of electrons emitting virtual photons. As the star undergoes collapse, the number of virtual interactions per unit volume increases, amplifying the gravitational pull. While individual interactions are weak, the total force increases due to the sheer number of interactions occurring simultaneously.
What Triggers Collapse?
Collapse in massive stars occurs when internal forces resisting gravity weaken: in a normal star, radiation pressure (from nuclear fusion) counteracts the inward pull of gravity. This prevents collapse as long as fusion continues to generate enough outward force. In the Post-Fusion Stage – Gravity Takes Over. When the star runs out of fuel, fusion slows, and radiation pressure drops.
Virtual photon interactions do not weaken in the same way because they are not dependent on fusion — meaning gravity remains. With no opposing force, the accumulated effect of gravity (via virtual interactions) drives collapse. Why Does Collapse Accelerate? As collapse begins, several factors intensify gravity’s effect: As the star shrinks, electrons and nucleons become more densely packed, leading to higher rates of virtual photon exchange. Since gravity in the (AND) model arises from these interactions, this increase causes a feedback loop, where higher density leads to stronger gravity, which further increases density. Runaway Compression and Core Collapse; the contraction speeds up as gravitational attraction increases. Electrons get forced into tighter orbits, further increasing virtual photon alignment density, amplifying the gravitational pull. Eventually, the density is so high that standard atomic structure breaks down.
Supernovae and Black Hole Formation
If the collapsing star reaches a critical density, fusion reignites explosively, producing a supernova. The outward force of the explosion temporarily overcomes gravity, dispersing the outer layers of the star. However, in very massive stars, the core remains and continues collapsing. This is a different process due to super gravity.
Super gravity
If the core’s mass exceeds the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit, even nuclear forces cannot resist further collapse. Electrons merge with protons, forming neutrons, increasing nucleon virtual interactions to their highest possible density. However, these new interactions are not due to 'virtual' photon interactions, since at such pressures electrons are no longer present, the new interactions are due to neutrino emission. Neutrinos are emitted at the time of the destruction of the nucleus. The neutrino emission with a lifetime of anything from a femtosecond (10^-15 s) to 10^-26 s in interactions that occur within the sun neutrino emission may last only 10^-26 s. Therefore, the emission of a neutrino is a virtual interaction and just as in the case of a virtual photon, it results in the brief alignment of the virtual photon aether into a line of force in the direction of the emitted neutrino. It is this line of force that we detect as a neutrino and not the neutrino itself. Although the line of force due to a neutrino emission lasts for a short time, it carries energy as it is the resultant of large forces involved in the destruction of the nucleus. Thus, the line of force created by a neutrino emission, possesses energy. Normally, as in neutrino emission from stellar fusion, the neutrino which being a virtual line of force has little to no interaction with matter. Unlike the production of photons which occur at rates of several hundreds of trillions of Hertz, the emission of a neutrino is a one off affair and the density is not enough to affect gravity. Neutrino detection is very rare, for instance on average 10^10 neutrinos pass through every square centimetre of our bodies per second, if the average lifetime is 70 years, this is a lot of neutrinos, but fortunately, no ill effects are seen. When a neutrino is detected, it is a rare event and it is detected due to the fact that the neutrino passes too close to the nucleus, resulting in the destruction of the atom. So, in most normal cases, neutrinos lines of force with their very low interaction, have no effect.
Neutron stars and Black Holes
It has been demonstrated that normally neutrinos do not have much effect because of their relatively low density. However, in the case of a neutron star where, matter has collapsed to such an extent, creating unheard of pressures that it results in all electrons present being absorbed in the neutron making process, and only neutrons are present, the neutrino density is sufficient to produce super gravity. In such instances, the neutrino lines of force are present in such numbers and so closely packed that they can exert gravity. Unlike normal gravity, which is for the most part benign, neutrino induced gravity is always destructive. Any star or object that falls within the gravitational reach of a neutrino star has its atoms pulled apart, so that as the object nears the neutron star it is literally being torn to pieces. The gravity of the neutrino star being highly focused and very powerful, to all purposes resembles a tractor beam, in the irresistible gravitational force it exerts. If the neutrino star has enough material to feed on it becomes a black hole, if it runs out of material, it turns into a very dense white dwarf.
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