<p>I would like to take this quote from Einsteins "Special Relativity":</p><p><em>"The speed of light is fixed, and thus not relative to the movement of the observer. This was impossible under Newtonian classical mechanics. Einstein argues,</em></p><p><em>... the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good. We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be called the "Principle of Relativity") to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that <strong>light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocit</strong>y c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body."</em></p><p>I do believe this is an undisputed fact. Light does have a definate velocity in empty space. However when space itself is distorted light can still pass between it's wave lengths unaffected by space itself. ONLY the molecules or atoms IN space will have their positions altered during a rippling process of space. The molecules or atoms themselves may not be moved greater then light speed to be placed light years apart, but rather the repositioning of space back to it's original form distiguishes the relative distances between "clumps".</p><p>After reading much of (long and extremely complicated at times) Einsteins theory of relativity and Special Relativity, I have a bit more understanding and appreciation of this brainiac. I cannot nor would I want to begin disputing his calculations. However, as in the wave lengths I mentioned, if this is truly what happened, in the inital explosion, particles were shot in all directions, led by an intense shockwave. This explosion also cause intense turbulence in reference to the particles. At this point is where as a result of the turbulance of particles, we see signs of the first magnetic fields. Also, as a result of the explosive magnitude, space itself rippled; fluctuating the position of these particles within it. It cannot be said that these particles did or did not travel greater then the speed of light as it is not possible to duplicate a fluctuation of space alone at this time.</p><p>It is also theorized that micro-black holes may have occurred in the early universe. If the rippling affect of space can be proven, then in the turbulance of space and the rotation of particles may in fact caused these micro-black holes to occurred due to the intense gravitational fields. If these micro-black holes later settled within a settling nebulea, then it is nebulea that could have possibly fed this minut deformations into the now known Super-massive black holes, while general black holes remain the results of the collapse of the cores of stars. Time in essence is affected by this intense gravitational field but only by the earlier turbulance of space. As current studies show that Black holes occurred prior to the stars around them, it would hold true in this scenerio. As the micro-black holes fed on the surrounding nebulea gases, it does not however prevent star formations in other parts of the nebulea. As a result of the black holes presence, gases are slowly compressed further in the outer edges of the nebulea, resulting in a burst of star formation. As the micro-black hole grows into what we see today, it would be safe to say that the gravitation turbulence would pull any surrounding gas into a galactic disk... finally resulting in a galactic formation.</p><p>In this theory galaxies would thus end up light-years away from each other while never themselves having breached light-speed. It is at this time that Dark Energy continues an acceleration of seperation of these galaxies going. Since these galaxies momentum was only caused by the Big Bang and not near the speed of light, the excelleration of Dark Energy's affect on these galaxies merely acts as a repellant between galaxies. Since Dark Energy acts equally on all galaxies, and is evenly spread throughout the universe; it is gravitational attraction and the smaller influence of Dark matter that is the necessary factor in galactic mergers.</p> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>