The A-4 (V-2...which stands for Vengence Weapon 2, the 1 being the V-1 "Buzz Bomb" cruise missile), used 50-50 water-ethynol aka WALC both because of the availability and also because of the heat transfer characteristics. They used both regenerative and transpiration cooling.<br /><br />The XLR-11 engine family of rocket engines that powered the Bell X-1 series of supersonic aircraft, as well as the transition propulsion for the X-15 also burned WALC. I think it was the late Scott Crossfield who commented on the number of martinis that were going "overboard" while the rocket motor was running! <img src="/images/icons/smile.gif" /> <br /><br />The Germans used a variety of propellants in other rockets, including Fuming Nitric Acid (Red Fuming Nitric Acid...RFNA... or White Fuming...the difference depending on the concentration of H2O mixed with the HNO3) as an oxidizer and furfuryl alcohol or aniline (C6H5NH2) as fuels.<br /><br />Following WWII, U.S. missiles using RFNA/aniline included the Lark anti-aircraft missile, which used these propellants in both the booster and sustainer motors, and, IIRC, the Nike-Ajax anti-aircraft missile, which used it in the sustainer...with a solid booster. The Corporal series also used this combo of propellants. These are hypergolic (spontaneously ignitable on contact), which eliminates the requirement for an ignition system required by hydrocarbon/LO2 propellants.<br /><br />Aniline isn't the most efficient fuel, having an ISP of around 212 at 300 psia chamber pressure. Eventually, aniline was replaced by hydrazine-based fuels, including monomethyl hydrazine (MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazie (UDMH), and a 50/50 mix of the two developed by Aerojet, called Aerozine 50, which powered the liquid stages of the Titan ICBM/launch vehicle family.<br /><br />Oh, yes, there was the "XLR-4" static test series of 55 lbs thrust uncooled rocket motors designed and developed as a self-learning tool by a high school student back in the 1950's an