i think what some people are saying who do not fully buy that all galaxies collide are simply saying just that: all galaxies that appear to be colliding may not be doing that. i don't think there is a denial that galaxies do collide. there is evidence for this and in some cases is nearly incontrovertably true. but a good many galaxies may be in the process of birthing another galaxy, hence the myriad galaxy pairs in apparent collision. the vast distances in space between anything at all casts doubt, for me, that every visually close pair of galaxies is either colliding or headed for such a collision. <br /><br />scientific american is not exempt from printing fallacies. inasmuch as i look up to that publication, it can only go so far. it is the putting of all of the eggs in one colliding basket, and not even entertaining the possibility of another, concurrent, process, that is problematic. <br /><br />i know that a scientist must be critical and go about observations based on accepted facts. and if no such facts exist that point the way to "birthing" galaxies, then such an idea will be thrown out and not taken seriously as possibly happening --even if it really is. perhaps what is being observed is not fully understood, and incorrect facts are applied to SOME of these observations. <br /><br />