Question Infinity or not infinity? That is the question.

[Harry Costas]

They have observed a galaxy far, far away and named it a fossil.
The galaxy is active and not a fossil.

Astronomers discover a galaxy frozen in time for billions of years: 'Fossil galaxies are like the dinosaurs of the universe'

"We have discovered a galaxy that has been 'perfectly preserved' for billions of years, a true archaeological find that tells us how the first galaxies were born and helps us understand how the universe has evolved to this day."

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[Harry Costas]

This paper assumes an early universe and then proceeds to make assumptions.
Cosmic voids are created by two distant galaxies pulling at each other, creating a less dense void.

That's my opinion.

[Submitted on 9 Jun 2025 (v1), last revised 18 Jun 2025 (this version, v2)]

Traces of the evolution of cosmic void galaxies: An Integral Field Spectroscopy based analysis​

Agustín M. Rodríguez-Medrano, Dante J. Paz, Damián Mast, Federico A. Stasyszyn, Andrés N. Ruiz

Galaxies in the most underdense regions of the Universe, known as cosmic voids, exhibit astrophysical properties that suggest a distinct evolutionary path compared to galaxies in denser environments. Numerical simulations indicate that the assembly of void galaxies occurs later, leading to galaxies with younger stellar populations, low metallicities, and a high gas content in their halos, which provides the fuel to sustain elevated star formation activity. Our objective in this work is to test these numerical predictions with observational data by comparing galaxies in voids with galaxies in non-void environments. We used voids identified in SDSS data and galaxies from the MaNGA survey, which provides galaxies with integral field spectroscopy (IFS). We separated the galaxies into void and non-void samples, mimicked the magnitude distribution, and compared their integrated astrophysical properties as well as the metallicity and age profiles through a stacking technique, ETGs and LTGs separately. We find that void galaxies have younger and less metal-rich stellar populations. Regarding gas mass, we do not find differences across environments. When dividing galaxies into ETGs and LTGs, we observe that ETGs show negative gradients in both age and metallicity, with void galaxies consistently appearing younger and less metal-rich. For LTGs, age gradients are also negative, showing younger populations in void galaxies. However, we do not find statistically significant differences in stellar metallicity gradients between void and non-void environments. Our results show how the astrophysical properties of galaxies in voids differ from those of galaxies in the rest of the Universe. This suggests that the void environment plays a role in the evolution of its galaxies, delaying their assembly and growth.

 

[Harry Costas]

The term constant is in question.

[Two of the observational consequences of this explanation are examined: an increase in the age of the universe from 13.8 Gyr to 15.4 Gyr, and a resolution of the

tension, which restores consistency to cosmological theory.]

[Submitted on 13 Jun 2025]

Use of Redshifts as Evidence of Dark Energy​

Jan Stenflo

Use of Redshifts as Evidence of Dark Energy

The large-scale dynamics of the universe is generally described in terms of the time-dependent scale factor $a(t)$. To make contact with observational data, the $a(t)$ function needs to be related to the observable $z(r)$ function, redshift versus distance. Model fitting of data has shown that...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

Is this paper correct?​

Can we calculate the age of the universe.
To do that, you have to assume a start and no recycling.

​

Rahul Bhagat, S. K. Tripathy, B. Mishra

Logarithmic and Strong Coupling Models in Weyl-Type $f(Q,T)$ Gravity

In this paper, we have explored the cosmological implications of Weyl-type $f(Q,T)$ gravity, a modified gravitational theory formulated from Weyl geometry. The nonmetricity scalar $Q$ is coupled to the trace $T$ of the energy-momentum tensor. We analyze two models based on the logarithmic and...

arxiv.org