Pluto should remain a planet as a tribute to the classical era of planetary discovery. The work and efforts of past pioneers should be remembered for their accomplishments.
discovery in 1930 Urbain Le Verrier, Percival Lowell, William H. Pickering, Clyde Tombaugh.
“In the 1840s, using Newtonian mechanics, Urbain Le Verrier predicted the position of the then-undiscovered planet Neptune after analysing perturbations in the orbit of Uranus.[17] Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century caused astronomers to speculate that Uranus' orbit was being disturbed by another planet besides Neptune. In 1906, Percival Lowell, a wealthy Bostonian who had founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1894, started an extensive project in search of a possible ninth planet (to named Pluto), which he termed "Planet X".[18]
By 1909, Lowell and William H. Pickering had suggested several possible celestial coordinates for such a planet.[19] Lowell and his observatory conducted his search until his death in 1916, but to no avail. Unbeknownst to Lowell, on March 19, 1915, his observatory had captured two faint images of Pluto, but did not recognise them for what they were.” [19][20] Due to a ten-year legal battle with Constance Lowell, Percival's widow, who attempted to wrest the observatory's million-dollar portion of his legacy for herself, the search for Planet X did not resume until 1929,[21] when its director, Vesto Melvin Slipher, summarily handed the job of locating Planet X to Clyde Tombaugh, a 23-year-old Kansas man who had just arrived at the Lowell Observatory after Slipher had been impressed by a sample of his astronomical drawings.[21]
Tombaugh's task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs taken two weeks apart, then examine each pair and determine whether any objects had shifted position. Using a machine called a blink comparator, he rapidly shifted back and forth between views of each of the plates, to create the illusion of movement of any objects that had changed position or appearance between photographs. On February 18, 1930, after nearly a year of searching, Tombaugh discovered a possible moving object on photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29 of that year. A lesser-quality photograph taken on January 21 helped confirm the movement.[22] After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930.[19]”
“Neptune was mathematically predicted before it was directly observed. With a prediction by Urbain Le Verrier, telescopic observation confirming the existence of a major planet were made on the night of September 23, 1846, and into the early morning of the 24th,[1] at the Berlin Observatory, by astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (assisted by Heinrich D'Arrest), working from Le Verrier's calculations. It was a sensational moment of 19th century science and dramatic confirmation of Newtonian gravitational theory. In François Arago's apt phrase, Le Verrier had discovered a planet "with the point of his pen."
In retrospect, after it was discovered it turned out it had been observed many times before, but not recognized, and there were others who made various calculations about its location, but did not lead to its observation. By 1846, the planet Uranus had completed nearly one full orbit since its discovery by William Herschel in 1781, and astronomers had detected a series of irregularities in its path which could not be entirely explained by Newton's law of gravitation. These irregularities could, however, be resolved if the gravity of a farther, unknown planet were disturbing its path around the Sun. In 1845, astronomers Urbain Le Verrier in Paris and John Couch Adams in Cambridge separately began calculations to determine the nature and position of such a planet. Unfortunately, Le Verrier's triumph also led to a tense international dispute over priority, as, shortly after the discovery, George Airy, at the time British Astronomer Royal, announced that Adams had also predicted the discovery of the planet.[2] Nevertheless, the Royal Society awarded Le Verrier the Copley medal in 1846 for his achievement, without mention of Adams.[3]”
“Uranus can barely be seen by the naked eye, but was much more recently discovered (1789).
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and the third-largest and fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (Ancient Greek: Οὐρανός) the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter). Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets, it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit.[16] Sir William Herschel announced its discovery on March 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history. Uranus was also the first planet discovered with a telescope.”
1 ^ a b c d Kollerstrom, N. (2001). "A Neptune Discovery Chronology". The British Case for Co-prediction. University College London.
http://web.archive.org/web/200511190317 ... /chron.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
2. ^ a b Danjon, Prof. André (Director of the Paris Observatory) (1946). "Le centenaire de la découverte de Neptune". (in French) Ciel et Terre (journal) (1946) vol.62, p.369. (unknown, France).
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946C%26T....62..369D. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
2 ^ a b c d e f g h i Hutchins, R. (2004). "Adams, John Couch (1819–1892)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press).
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/123.
16. ^ "MIRA's Field Trips to the Stars Internet Education Program". Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy.
http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/101/text/txt001x.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
17. ^ K. Croswell (1997). Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems. The Free Press. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0684832524.
18. ^ Tombaugh, C. W. (1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 5: 73–80. Bibcode: 1946ASPL....5...73T.
19 ^ a b c W. G. Hoyt (1976). "W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto". Isis 67 (4): 551–564.. doi:10.1086/351668.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753(197612)67%3A4%3C551%3AWHPPPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
20 ^ Mark Littman (1990). Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System. Wiley. pp. 70. ISBN 047151053X.
21 ^ a b Croswell, p. 50
22 ^ Croswell p. 52
(Lowell Observatory Archives)
(Lowell observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona)
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