Centrifuge machines will work for gravity simulation, but if the ship uses VASIMR or MPD drive a Mars transit would only be 3-4 months....something humans have far exceeded many times. <br /><br />In the case of VASIMR its magnetic field might even provide some solar particle shielding, but with a reactor on board and judicious use of some superconductive cables (already commercially available) MPD or straight ion drives could be protected.<br /><br />As for genetics IIRC a 'breeding population' of at least 150 unrelated individuals provides enough variation not to run into most breeding issues. If whole nuclear families emigrate 5 times as many individuals may be required. <br /><br />Also helpful would be to include as many ethnicities as possible since each has protective immune system and other factors that could be helpful in resisting indigenous microbes and/or parasites.<br /> <br />Of course much genetic variability could come with a smaller population if pre-selected or engineered frozen embryos (or semen) were taken along and used for at least 1 child per unrelated female, but some might find that too close to eugenics for their taste.<br /><br />Another alternative I've read about is for each colonial female to have no more than 1 child per male, with 3 by unrelated fathers being optimum.<br /><br />Better pack some Champagne, incense and Barry White CD's <img src="/images/icons/wink.gif" /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>