> <i><font color="yellow">Has NASA stagnated due to lack of any adversaries?</font>/i><br /><br />I suspect the answer is very complex, but I suspect the lack of competition is certainly part of the answer.<br /><br />It certainly motivated (and may yet again) Congress. I suspect if China was close to establishing a permanent manned colony on the Moon (possession is 9/10 of the law), it would get Congress moving again. However, "losing" to China today is not the same as "losing" to the USSR back in the heat of the cold war. Apollo was to a large degree a marketing effort to demonstrate to African and Asian countries that our way of government and economics produced the better results. Align yourselves with us.<br /><br />We are not in an similar ideological race with China, India, or any other powers. I think only the threat of an Islamic government on the Moon could really get Congress going at this point. For example, if Saudi moguls used their mountains of cash to establish a Wahabi colony and mosque on the moon, I think it would send shock waves through the world. Christendom is dead, long live Islam (and so on).</i>