Question BIG BANG EVIDENCE

[Harry Costas]

And this paper

[Submitted on 26 Apr 2025]

Superradiant dark matter production from primordial black holes: Impact of multiple modes and gravitational wave emission​

Nayun Jia, Shou-Shan Bao, Chen Zhang, Hong Zhang, Xin Zhang

Rotating primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early universe can emit particles through superradiance, a process particularly efficient when the particle's Compton wavelength is comparable to the PBH's gravitational radius. Superradiance leads to an exponential growth of particle occupation numbers in gravitationally bound states. We present an analysis of heavy bosonic dark matter (DM) production through three gravitational mechanisms: Hawking radiation, superradiant instabilities, and ultraviolet (UV) freeze-in. We consider PBHs that evaporate before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). For both scalar and vector DM, our analysis incorporates the evolution of a second superradiant mode. We demonstrate that the growth of a second superradiant mode causes the decay of the first mode, and thus the second mode cannot further enhance the DM abundance beyond that already achieved by the first mode. Our study also reveals that while superradiance generally enhances DM production, gravitational wave (GW) emission from the superradiant cloud may significantly modify this picture. For scalar DM, GW emission reduces the parameter space where superradiance effectively augments relic abundance. For vector DM, rapid GW emission from the superradiant cloud may yield relic abundances below those achieved through Hawking radiation alone. These findings demonstrate that multiple-mode effect and GW emission play critical roles in modeling DM production from PBHs in the early universe.

 

[Harry Costas]

Sorry if I have posted some papers again.

 

[Harry Costas]

Just keep reading, the answers to the universe's workings have yet to be resolved.

[Submitted on 5 May 2025]

Pre-geometric Einstein-Cartan Field Equations and Emergent Cosmology​

Giuseppe Meluccio

The field equations of pre-geometric theories of gravity are derived and analysed, both without and with matter. After the spontaneous symmetry breaking that reduces the gauge symmetry of these theories à la Yang-Mills, a metric structure for spacetime emerges and the field equations recover both the Einstein and the Cartan field equations for gravity. A first exact solution of the pre-geometric field equations is also presented. This solution can be considered as a pre-geometric de Sitter universe and provides a possible resolution for the problem of the Big Bang singularity.

 

[Harry Costas]

Answers have yet to resolve the BBT.

[Submitted on 7 May 2025]

Improved Predictions on Higgs-Starobinsky Inflation and Reheating with ACT DR6 and Primordial Gravitational Waves​

Md Riajul Haque, Sourav Pal, Debarun Paul

Improved Predictions on Higgs-Starobinsky Inflation and Reheating with ACT DR6 and Primordial Gravitational Waves

We investigate the implications of recent CMB observations for Higgs-Starobinsky inflationary models and their associated reheating dynamics, utilizing data from ACT DR6, Planck 2018, BICEP/Keck 2018, and DESI, collectively referred to as P-ACT-LB-BK18. In addition to direct CMB constraints, we...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

Read this to your hearts content.

The Big Bang is often described as the explosive birth of the Universe – a singular moment when space, time and matter sprang into existence. Source: ScienceAlert https://share.google/tEGw0RwwkNbbhpptv

Shared via the Google app

 

[Harry Costas]

The alternative option is via compaction of Transient Condensates that can mimic Black Hole properties.
The compacted core under chiral supersymmetry, dipolar, and electromagnetic fields produces a vortex that expels matter away from the core.

This paper gives us one option on how Black Holes Form.

We show that, just like for Einstein gravity, the modified junction conditions for these models impose that the dust particles on the star surface follow geodesic trajectories on the corresponding black hole background. Generically, in these models the star collapses until it reaches a minimum size (and a maximum density) inside the inner horizon of the black hole it creates.

Then, it bounces back and reappears through a white hole in a different universe, where it eventually reaches its original size and restarts the process. A

[Submitted on 14 May 2025]

Regular black holes from Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse​

Pablo Bueno, Pablo A. Cano, Robie A. Hennigar, Ángel J. Murcia, Aitor Vicente-Cano

It has been recently shown that regular black holes arise as the unique spherically symmetric solutions of broad families of generalizations of Einstein gravity involving infinite towers of higher-curvature corrections in

spacetime dimensions. In this paper we argue that such regular black holes arise as the byproduct of the gravitational collapse of pressureless dust stars. We show that, just like for Einstein gravity, the modified junction conditions for these models impose that the dust particles on the star surface follow geodesic trajectories on the corresponding black hole background. Generically, in these models the star collapses until it reaches a minimum size (and a maximum density) inside the inner horizon of the black hole it creates. Then, it bounces back and reappears through a white hole in a different universe, where it eventually reaches its original size and restarts the process. Along the way, we study FLRW cosmologies in the same theories that regularize black hole singularities. We find that the cosmological evolution is completely smooth, with the big bang and big crunch singularities predicted by Einstein gravity replaced by cosmological bounces.

 

[Harry Costas]

Imagine monsters growing within a few million years.
It's not possible.

[Submitted on 16 May 2025]

A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at zspec=14.44 confirmed with JWST​

Rohan P. Naidu, Pascal A. Oesch, Gabriel Brammer, Andrea Weibel, Yijia Li, Jorryt Matthee, John Chisholm, Clara L. Pollock, Kasper E. Heintz, Benjamin D. Johnson, Xuejian Shen, Raphael E. Hviding, Joel Leja, Sandro Tacchella, Arpita Ganguly, Callum Witten, Hakim Atek, Sirio Belli, Sownak Bose, Rychard Bouwens, Pratika Dayal, Roberto Decarli, Anna de Graaff, Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Emma Giovinazzo, Jenny E. Greene, Garth Illingworth, Akio K. Inoue, Sarah G. Kane, Ivo Labbe, Ecaterina Leonova, Rui Marques-Chaves, Romain A. Meyer, Erica J. Nelson, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Daniel Schaerer, Robert A. Simcoe, Mauro Stefanon, Yuma Sugahara, Sune Toft, Arjen van der Wel, Pieter van Dokkum, Fabian Walter, Darach Watson, John R. Weaver, Katherine E. Whitaker

A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44$ Confirmed with JWST

JWST has revealed a stunning population of bright galaxies at surprisingly early epochs, $z>10$, where few such sources were expected. Here we present the most distant example of this class yet -- MoM-z14, a luminous ($M_{\rm{UV}}=-20.2$) source in the COSMOS legacy field at...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

M87 is the centre of our local group of galaxies. It is massive and its age is in trillions of years. Its dipolar vortices are about 100,000 L/yrs. To put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years is not correct.

Messier 87 - NASA Science

This enormous elliptical galaxy is home of several trillion stars some 15,000 globular star clusters.

science.nasa.gov

[The elliptical galaxy M87 is the home of several trillion stars, a supermassive black hole and a family of roughly 15,000 globular star clusters. For comparison, our Milky Way galaxy contains only a few hundred billion stars and about 150 globular clusters. The monstrous M87 is the dominant member of the neighboring Virgo cluster of galaxies, which contains some 2,000 galaxies. Discovered in 1781 by Charles Messier, this galaxy is located 54 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. It has an apparent magnitude of 9.6 and can be observed using a small telescope most easily in May.]

 

[Harry Costas]

The BIG BANG as one BANG, is questionable, which implies the universe is 13.8 billion years old.
Saying that
Nucleosynthesis ( Bang) can be observed out there in space as dipolar images that can span over 100 thousand L/yrs. These images are general images occurring throughout.

This paper assumes one Big Bang and primordial Black Holes.

Was there a Big Bang?

[Submitted on 21 May 2025]

Impact of general relativistic accretion on primordial black holes​

Santabrata Das, Md Riajul Haque, Jitumani Kalita, Rajesh Karmakar, Debaprasad Maity

We demonstrate that general relativistic corrections to the accretion of relativistic matter onto primordial black holes (PBHs) can significantly enhance their mass growth during the early Universe. Contrary to previous Newtonian treatments, our analysis reveals that PBH masses can increase by an order of magnitude before evaporation, leading to substantial modifications of their lifetime and cosmological imprints. We quantify the resulting shifts in the minimum PBH mass constrained by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), the revised lower bound for PBHs surviving today, and the dark matter parameter space allowed by PBH evaporation. Furthermore, we show that the enhanced accretion alters the high-frequency gravitational wave spectrum from PBH evaporation, potentially within the reach of future detectors. Our results provide a comprehensive, relativistically consistent framework to delineate the role of PBHs in early-universe cosmology and dark matter phenomenology.

 

[Harry Costas]

Maybe this paper has little to offer, or does it?

[Submitted on 21 May 2025 (v1), last revised 28 May 2025 (this version, v2)]

Fundamental Complement of a Gravitating Region​

Raphael Bousso, Sami Kaya

Any gravitating region a in any spacetime gives rise to a generalized entanglement wedge, the hologram e(a). Holograms exhibit properties expected of fundamental operator algebras, such as strong subadditivity, nesting, and no-cloning. But the entanglement wedge EW of an AdS boundary region B with commutant \bar B satisfies an additional condition, complementarity: EW(B) is the spacelike complement of EW(\bar B) in the bulk.
Here we identify an analogue of the boundary commutant \bar B in general spacetimes: given a gravitating region a, its \emph{fundamental complement} \tilde{a} is the smallest wedge that contains all infinite world lines contained in the spacelike complement a' of a. We refine the definition of e(a) by requiring that it be spacelike to \tilde a. We prove that e(a) is the spacelike complement of e(\tilde a) when the latter is computed in a'.
We exhibit many examples of \tilde{a} and of e(a) in de Sitter, flat, and cosmological spacetimes. We find that a Big Bang cosmology (spatially closed or not) is trivially reconstructible: the whole universe is the entanglement wedge of any wedge inside it. But de Sitter space is not trivially reconstructible, despite being closed. We recover the AdS/CFT prescription by proving that EW(B)=e(causal wedge of B).

 

[Harry Costas]

Helio said

[BBT is not a fact. No theory is a "fact". All scientific theories are factually-based. The facts are foundational to the theory. But a scientific theory also must be falsifiable. Thus, they must include predictions that are either directly observable or observable in principle.

Each item in the OP list represents the objective evidenced (facts) that argue for the BB theory. The only foundational facts known at the time Lemaitre founded the theory were the recessional velocities of spiral galaxies, and perhaps the obvious Obler's Paradox observations. This, of course, is in the framework of GR. GR is also a theory, but the observations (facts) soon established it as mainstream science, yet many scientists didn't like it.

A theory only becomes strong when its predictions are verified with observations (facts). The CMBR was a very unique and powerful prediction that would necessarily require expansion. Copernicus' model predicted Venus would have crescent and gibbous phases, but Ptolemey's model only allowed crescent phase observations. Once the observations were discovered thanks to Galileo's telescope, even the Church was quick to agree to the falsification of this 2000 year-old model.

No theory for the entire universe's history will come with only a few predictions. It's taken almost 100 years of observations to help establish BBT, taking it from Einstein's preliminary opinion of it ("abomination").

Since BBT, however, still lacks the additional observations of the predictions that have bubbled-up, perhaps it will be, somehow, falsified. But whatever replaces it will be required to address all the items listed in the OP, else it will be DOA.]

Well put.

 

[Harry Costas]

Scientists keep on searching for evidence to support the BBT

[Submitted on 21 May 2025 (v1), last revised 28 May 2025 (this version, v2)]

Fundamental Complement of a Gravitating Region​

Raphael Bousso, Sami Kaya

Fundamental Complement of a Gravitating Region

Any gravitating region $a$ in any spacetime gives rise to a generalized entanglement wedge, the hologram $e(a)$. Holograms exhibit properties expected of fundamental operator algebras, such as strong subadditivity, nesting, and no-cloning. But the entanglement wedge EW of an AdS boundary region...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

I do not think that the BBT is correct.
I do believe in the Bang Nucleosynthesis as part of a cyclic process.
[
Submitted on 21 May 2025]

The Bearable Inhomogeneity of the Baryon Asymmetry​

Hengameh Bagherian, Majid Ekhterachian, Stefan Stelzl

We study the implications of precision measurements of light element abundances in concordance with the Cosmic Microwave Background for scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model that generate large inhomogeneities in the baryon-to-photon ratio. We show that precision Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) imposes strong constraints on any mechanism that produces large scale inhomogeneities at temperatures of the order or below a TeV. In particular, we find that inhomogeneities of the order of 20\% at comoving length scales larger than the comoving horizon at the temperature of 3~\mathrm{TeV} are in conflict with the measured light element abundances. This sensitivity to physics at such early times is because inhomogeneities in baryon number homogenize predominantly through diffusion, which is a slow process. BBN therefore acts as a novel probe of baryogenesis below the \mathrm{TeV} scale, and readily rules out some of the proposed scenarios of baryogenesis in the literature. We discuss the implications for electroweak baryogenesis. In addition we show that precision BBN is a new probe of first-order phase transitions which produce a gravitational wave signal in the frequency range from pHz to mHz. This leads to constraints on the electroweak phase transition, as well as the first-order phase transitions that have been postulated to explain the pulsar timing array signal. We also discuss the future prospects of improvements in this probe.

 

[Harry Costas]

Can we prove the BBT?


[Submitted on 22 May 2025]

An exactly solvable model of quantum cosmology: the Hydrogen atom analogy with dust and Cosmological constant​

Harkirat Singh Sahota, Dipayan Mukherjee, S. Shankaranarayanan

An exactly solvable model of quantum cosmology: the Hydrogen atom analogy with dust and Cosmological constant

We study the Wheeler-DeWitt quantization of a spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe with pressureless dust (modeled via the Brown-KuchaÅ formalism) and a dynamical cosmological constant $Î$ treated in the unimodular gravity framework, where unimodular time serves as...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

This paper assumes the BBT is correct and proceeds to say that supermassive Black Holes formed in a few million years.
No way
It's just amazing how papers rely on the BBT, knowing quite well there are billions of Galaxies in the Deep Field, 13.3 billion Lt/yrs.

Moreover, observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) indicate that SMBHs with billions of solar masses were already in place within the first billion years after the Big Bang. However, the origins of these SMBHs, as well as their co-evolution with host galaxies, remain poorly understood.

Submitted on 25 May 2025]

Origins of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Centers​

Ke-Jung Chen

Direct imaging of black hole shadow halos has firmly confirmed the existence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), with millions of solar masses, residing at the centers of the Milky Way and M87 galaxies. These groundbreaking discoveries represent a monumental success of Einstein's theory of general relativity and have revealed the hidden "monsters" lurking at the centers of galaxies. Moreover, observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) indicate that SMBHs with billions of solar masses were already in place within the first billion years after the Big Bang. However, the origins of these SMBHs, as well as their co-evolution with host galaxies, remain poorly understood. This review focuses on the origin of SMBHs, particularly on the formation of their seed black holes. We also highlight several outstanding challenges in modeling seed formation and discuss possible observational signatures. These signatures may be testable with current and future facilities, including the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the upcoming gravitational wave observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA).

 

[Harry Costas]

This information is worth reading.

[Submitted on 26 May 2025]

Strong coupling and instabilities in singularity-free inflation from an infinite sum of curvature corrections​

Shinji Tsujikawa

Four-dimensional gravitational theories derived from an infinite sum of Lovelock curvature invariants, combined with a conformal rescaling of the metric, are equivalent to a subclass of shift-symmetric Horndeski theories that possess a single scalar degree of freedom. Under the assumption of a homogeneous and isotropic cosmological background, the theory admits an inflationary solution that replaces the Big Bang singularity. This can be achieved by a solution where the Hubble expansion rate H is equal to the time derivative of the scalar field \dot{\phi}. We show that the solution H=\dot{\phi} suffers from a strong coupling problem, characterized by the vanishing kinetic term of linear scalar perturbations at all times. Consequently, nonlinear scalar perturbations remain uncontrolled from the onset of inflation throughout the subsequent cosmological evolution. Moreover, tensor perturbations are generally subject to Laplacian instabilities during inflation. This instability in the tensor sector also persists under background initial conditions where H \neq \dot{\phi}. In the latter case, both the coefficient of the kinetic term for scalar perturbations and the scalar sound speed diverge at the onset of inflation. Thus, the dominance of inhomogeneities in this theory renders the homogeneous background solution illegitimate.

 

[Harry Costas]

Billions of galaxies or should I say Trillions of galaxies.
I read comments like the following. Many papers state that the universe is 13.8 billion years old.
Imagine making up trillions of galaxies in 13.8 billion years old. Or 2 billion years after the Big Bang.
Have I missed something?

The recent discovery of a large number of massive black holes within the first two billion years after the Big Bang, as well as their peculiar properties, have been largely unexpected based on the extrapolation of the properties of luminous quasars.

[Submitted on 28 May 2025 (v1), last revised 29 May 2025 (this version, v2)]

A black hole in a near-pristine galaxy 700 million years after the Big Bang​

Roberto Maiolino, Hannah Uebler, Francesco D'Eugenio, Jan Scholtz, Ignas Juodzbalis, Xihan Ji, Michele Perna, Volker Bromm, Pratika Dayal, Sophie Koudmani, Boyuan Liu, Raffaella Schneider, Debora Sijacki, Rosa Valiante, Alessandro Trinca, Saiyang Zhang, Marta Volonteri, Kohei Inayoshi, Stefano Carniani, Kimihiko Nakajima, Yuki Isobe, Joris Witstok, Gareth C. Jones, Sandro Tacchella, Santiago Arribas, Andrew Bunker, Elisa Cataldi, Stephane Charlot, Giovanni Cresci, Mirko Curti, Andrew C. Fabian, Harley Katz, Nimisha Kumari, Nicolas Laporte, Giovanni Mazzolari, Brant Robertson, Fengwu Sun, Bruno Rodriguez Del Pino, Giacomo Venturi

The recent discovery of a large number of massive black holes within the first two billion years after the Big Bang, as well as their peculiar properties, have been largely unexpected based on the extrapolation of the properties of luminous quasars. These findings have prompted the development of several theoretical models for the early formation and growth of black holes, which are, however, difficult to differentiate. We report the metallicity measurement around a gravitationally lensed massive black hole at redshift 7.04, hosted in a galaxy with very low dynamical mass. The weakness of the [OIII]5007 emission line relative to the narrow Hbeta emission indicates an extremely low chemical enrichment, less than 0.01 solar. We argue that such properties cannot be uncommon among accreting black holes around this early cosmic epoch. Explaining such a low chemical enrichment in a system that has developed a massive black hole is challenging for most theories. Models assuming heavy black hole seeds (such as Direct Collapse Black Holes) or super-Eddington accretion scenarios struggle to explain the observations, although they can potentially reproduce the observed properties in rare cases. Models invoking "primordial black holes" (i.e. putative black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang) may potentially explain the low chemical enrichment associated with this black hole.

 

[Harry Costas]

This paper is interesting reading.

Submitted on 30 May 2025]

The analytical general solutions of power-law inflation​

Yao Yu, Hong-Song Xie, Bai-Cian Ke, Han Zhang

Power-law inflation has stood as a classical model in inflationary cosmology since the early 1980s, prized for its exact analytical solutions and ability to naturally resolve the Big Bang theory's horizon and flatness problems through exponential expansion. However, its simplest form appears incompatible with modern precision observations, motivating increasingly complex alternatives. In this work, we demonstrate previous predictions with Power-law inflation considered only a particular solution of the field equations, and derive the complete set of general analytical solutions that satisfy current theoretical and observational constraints. This finding revitalizes Power-law inflation as a viable framework, offering new possibilities for cosmological model-building while preserving its original mathematical elegance.

 

[Harry Costas]

Are we closer to the Big Bang.
People have grow up with the BBT, it has formed part of the culture.

280 million years after the Big Bang — NASA announces major discovery moving at breackneck speed

NASA’s discovery of a galaxy 280 million years after the Big Bang challenges existing theories and opens a new chapter in cosmic exploration.

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