Question BIG BANG EVIDENCE

[Harry Costas]

And this paper

[Submitted on 26 Apr 2025]

Superradiant dark matter production from primordial black holes: Impact of multiple modes and gravitational wave emission​

Nayun Jia, Shou-Shan Bao, Chen Zhang, Hong Zhang, Xin Zhang

Rotating primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early universe can emit particles through superradiance, a process particularly efficient when the particle's Compton wavelength is comparable to the PBH's gravitational radius. Superradiance leads to an exponential growth of particle occupation numbers in gravitationally bound states. We present an analysis of heavy bosonic dark matter (DM) production through three gravitational mechanisms: Hawking radiation, superradiant instabilities, and ultraviolet (UV) freeze-in. We consider PBHs that evaporate before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). For both scalar and vector DM, our analysis incorporates the evolution of a second superradiant mode. We demonstrate that the growth of a second superradiant mode causes the decay of the first mode, and thus the second mode cannot further enhance the DM abundance beyond that already achieved by the first mode. Our study also reveals that while superradiance generally enhances DM production, gravitational wave (GW) emission from the superradiant cloud may significantly modify this picture. For scalar DM, GW emission reduces the parameter space where superradiance effectively augments relic abundance. For vector DM, rapid GW emission from the superradiant cloud may yield relic abundances below those achieved through Hawking radiation alone. These findings demonstrate that multiple-mode effect and GW emission play critical roles in modeling DM production from PBHs in the early universe.

 

[Harry Costas]

Sorry if I have posted some papers again.

 

[Harry Costas]

Just keep reading, the answers to the universe's workings have yet to be resolved.

[Submitted on 5 May 2025]

Pre-geometric Einstein-Cartan Field Equations and Emergent Cosmology​

Giuseppe Meluccio

The field equations of pre-geometric theories of gravity are derived and analysed, both without and with matter. After the spontaneous symmetry breaking that reduces the gauge symmetry of these theories à la Yang-Mills, a metric structure for spacetime emerges and the field equations recover both the Einstein and the Cartan field equations for gravity. A first exact solution of the pre-geometric field equations is also presented. This solution can be considered as a pre-geometric de Sitter universe and provides a possible resolution for the problem of the Big Bang singularity.

 

[Harry Costas]

Answers have yet to resolve the BBT.

[Submitted on 7 May 2025]

Improved Predictions on Higgs-Starobinsky Inflation and Reheating with ACT DR6 and Primordial Gravitational Waves​

Md Riajul Haque, Sourav Pal, Debarun Paul

Improved Predictions on Higgs-Starobinsky Inflation and Reheating with ACT DR6 and Primordial Gravitational Waves

We investigate the implications of recent CMB observations for Higgs-Starobinsky inflationary models and their associated reheating dynamics, utilizing data from ACT DR6, Planck 2018, BICEP/Keck 2018, and DESI, collectively referred to as P-ACT-LB-BK18. In addition to direct CMB constraints, we...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

Read this to your hearts content.

The Big Bang is often described as the explosive birth of the Universe – a singular moment when space, time and matter sprang into existence. Source: ScienceAlert https://share.google/tEGw0RwwkNbbhpptv

Shared via the Google app

 

[Harry Costas]

The alternative option is via compaction of Transient Condensates that can mimic Black Hole properties.
The compacted core under chiral supersymmetry, dipolar, and electromagnetic fields produces a vortex that expels matter away from the core.

This paper gives us one option on how Black Holes Form.

We show that, just like for Einstein gravity, the modified junction conditions for these models impose that the dust particles on the star surface follow geodesic trajectories on the corresponding black hole background. Generically, in these models the star collapses until it reaches a minimum size (and a maximum density) inside the inner horizon of the black hole it creates.

Then, it bounces back and reappears through a white hole in a different universe, where it eventually reaches its original size and restarts the process. A

[Submitted on 14 May 2025]

Regular black holes from Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse​

Pablo Bueno, Pablo A. Cano, Robie A. Hennigar, Ángel J. Murcia, Aitor Vicente-Cano

It has been recently shown that regular black holes arise as the unique spherically symmetric solutions of broad families of generalizations of Einstein gravity involving infinite towers of higher-curvature corrections in

spacetime dimensions. In this paper we argue that such regular black holes arise as the byproduct of the gravitational collapse of pressureless dust stars. We show that, just like for Einstein gravity, the modified junction conditions for these models impose that the dust particles on the star surface follow geodesic trajectories on the corresponding black hole background. Generically, in these models the star collapses until it reaches a minimum size (and a maximum density) inside the inner horizon of the black hole it creates. Then, it bounces back and reappears through a white hole in a different universe, where it eventually reaches its original size and restarts the process. Along the way, we study FLRW cosmologies in the same theories that regularize black hole singularities. We find that the cosmological evolution is completely smooth, with the big bang and big crunch singularities predicted by Einstein gravity replaced by cosmological bounces.

 

[Harry Costas]

Imagine monsters growing within a few million years.
It's not possible.

[Submitted on 16 May 2025]

A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at zspec=14.44 confirmed with JWST​

Rohan P. Naidu, Pascal A. Oesch, Gabriel Brammer, Andrea Weibel, Yijia Li, Jorryt Matthee, John Chisholm, Clara L. Pollock, Kasper E. Heintz, Benjamin D. Johnson, Xuejian Shen, Raphael E. Hviding, Joel Leja, Sandro Tacchella, Arpita Ganguly, Callum Witten, Hakim Atek, Sirio Belli, Sownak Bose, Rychard Bouwens, Pratika Dayal, Roberto Decarli, Anna de Graaff, Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Emma Giovinazzo, Jenny E. Greene, Garth Illingworth, Akio K. Inoue, Sarah G. Kane, Ivo Labbe, Ecaterina Leonova, Rui Marques-Chaves, Romain A. Meyer, Erica J. Nelson, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Daniel Schaerer, Robert A. Simcoe, Mauro Stefanon, Yuma Sugahara, Sune Toft, Arjen van der Wel, Pieter van Dokkum, Fabian Walter, Darach Watson, John R. Weaver, Katherine E. Whitaker

A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44$ Confirmed with JWST

JWST has revealed a stunning population of bright galaxies at surprisingly early epochs, $z>10$, where few such sources were expected. Here we present the most distant example of this class yet -- MoM-z14, a luminous ($M_{\rm{UV}}=-20.2$) source in the COSMOS legacy field at...

arxiv.org

 

[Harry Costas]

M87 is the centre of our local group of galaxies. It is massive and its age is in trillions of years. Its dipolar vortices are about 100,000 L/yrs. To put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years is not correct.

Messier 87 - NASA Science

This enormous elliptical galaxy is home of several trillion stars some 15,000 globular star clusters.

science.nasa.gov

[The elliptical galaxy M87 is the home of several trillion stars, a supermassive black hole and a family of roughly 15,000 globular star clusters. For comparison, our Milky Way galaxy contains only a few hundred billion stars and about 150 globular clusters. The monstrous M87 is the dominant member of the neighboring Virgo cluster of galaxies, which contains some 2,000 galaxies. Discovered in 1781 by Charles Messier, this galaxy is located 54 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. It has an apparent magnitude of 9.6 and can be observed using a small telescope most easily in May.]

 

[Harry Costas]

The BIG BANG as one BANG, is questionable, which implies the universe is 13.8 billion years old.
Saying that
Nucleosynthesis ( Bang) can be observed out there in space as dipolar images that can span over 100 thousand L/yrs. These images are general images occurring throughout.

This paper assumes one Big Bang and primordial Black Holes.

Was there a Big Bang?

[Submitted on 21 May 2025]

Impact of general relativistic accretion on primordial black holes​

Santabrata Das, Md Riajul Haque, Jitumani Kalita, Rajesh Karmakar, Debaprasad Maity

We demonstrate that general relativistic corrections to the accretion of relativistic matter onto primordial black holes (PBHs) can significantly enhance their mass growth during the early Universe. Contrary to previous Newtonian treatments, our analysis reveals that PBH masses can increase by an order of magnitude before evaporation, leading to substantial modifications of their lifetime and cosmological imprints. We quantify the resulting shifts in the minimum PBH mass constrained by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), the revised lower bound for PBHs surviving today, and the dark matter parameter space allowed by PBH evaporation. Furthermore, we show that the enhanced accretion alters the high-frequency gravitational wave spectrum from PBH evaporation, potentially within the reach of future detectors. Our results provide a comprehensive, relativistically consistent framework to delineate the role of PBHs in early-universe cosmology and dark matter phenomenology.

 

[Harry Costas]

Maybe this paper has little to offer, or does it?

[Submitted on 21 May 2025 (v1), last revised 28 May 2025 (this version, v2)]

Fundamental Complement of a Gravitating Region​

Raphael Bousso, Sami Kaya

Any gravitating region a in any spacetime gives rise to a generalized entanglement wedge, the hologram e(a). Holograms exhibit properties expected of fundamental operator algebras, such as strong subadditivity, nesting, and no-cloning. But the entanglement wedge EW of an AdS boundary region B with commutant \bar B satisfies an additional condition, complementarity: EW(B) is the spacelike complement of EW(\bar B) in the bulk.
Here we identify an analogue of the boundary commutant \bar B in general spacetimes: given a gravitating region a, its \emph{fundamental complement} \tilde{a} is the smallest wedge that contains all infinite world lines contained in the spacelike complement a' of a. We refine the definition of e(a) by requiring that it be spacelike to \tilde a. We prove that e(a) is the spacelike complement of e(\tilde a) when the latter is computed in a'.
We exhibit many examples of \tilde{a} and of e(a) in de Sitter, flat, and cosmological spacetimes. We find that a Big Bang cosmology (spatially closed or not) is trivially reconstructible: the whole universe is the entanglement wedge of any wedge inside it. But de Sitter space is not trivially reconstructible, despite being closed. We recover the AdS/CFT prescription by proving that EW(B)=e(causal wedge of B).

 

[Harry Costas]

Helio said

[BBT is not a fact. No theory is a "fact". All scientific theories are factually-based. The facts are foundational to the theory. But a scientific theory also must be falsifiable. Thus, they must include predictions that are either directly observable or observable in principle.

Each item in the OP list represents the objective evidenced (facts) that argue for the BB theory. The only foundational facts known at the time Lemaitre founded the theory were the recessional velocities of spiral galaxies, and perhaps the obvious Obler's Paradox observations. This, of course, is in the framework of GR. GR is also a theory, but the observations (facts) soon established it as mainstream science, yet many scientists didn't like it.

A theory only becomes strong when its predictions are verified with observations (facts). The CMBR was a very unique and powerful prediction that would necessarily require expansion. Copernicus' model predicted Venus would have crescent and gibbous phases, but Ptolemey's model only allowed crescent phase observations. Once the observations were discovered thanks to Galileo's telescope, even the Church was quick to agree to the falsification of this 2000 year-old model.

No theory for the entire universe's history will come with only a few predictions. It's taken almost 100 years of observations to help establish BBT, taking it from Einstein's preliminary opinion of it ("abomination").

Since BBT, however, still lacks the additional observations of the predictions that have bubbled-up, perhaps it will be, somehow, falsified. But whatever replaces it will be required to address all the items listed in the OP, else it will be DOA.]

Well put.