> Unfortunately the CEV will not be less expensive than the Shuttle. Without a practical reusable launch vehicle human spaceflight will not be economically feasible for any mission except political shows.<br /><br />CEV and associated Shuttle-derived launchers will be very expensive to operate. There may be commercial alternatives available beforehand. Judging by what is in the commercial spaceflight pipeline, this is almost surely going to be true: COTS will beat CEV to orbit, commercial Soyuz will probably beat CEV to the Moon. SpaceX' Dragon capsule will be built with or without the COTS money.<br /><br />I have to disagree with your reusability argument. If the launch vehicle can be made cheap enough to produce a profitable product, it won't matter if it's reusable. My example is an aircraft-dropped rocket that launches a very simple 3-seat capsule for $15 million. The capsules are only good for a couple of weeks in orbit, crews change out quickly with the current unit. Who cares if the capsule is junk after reentry? You, as the system operator or onorbit hotelier, have just made a big pile of money with the flight. If it's a spaceplane with a giant "Laser" onboard and fusion rockets, I'll be just as happy. Whatever works. <br /><br />The biggest issue with any kind of human servicing of GEO satelites, IMHO, is the infrastructure costs of standardizing & modularizing the current satelite fleet. The birds already up there were simply not designed to be worked on in orbit. Hubble is an exception (but not really built for servicing) and has STS's incredible capabilities for SM flights. The chicken here is that it requires a preexisting human presence to reassure satellite manufacturers to develop modular/upgradable units. The "egg" so to speak isn't the CEV, but a shirtsleeve environment onorbit big enough to accept a GEO sat. The best current solution is the one Constellation Services proposed a few years ago. Instead of having humans do satellite upgrades, a rob <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <div align="center"><em>We need a first generation of pioneers.</em><br /></div> </div>