Question CYCLIC UNIVERSE

[Harry Costas]

Nice
Its a great presentation

Cyclic events can be explained by understanding quantum mechanics and properties of Transient Condensates. To explain contraction and expansion of both matter and energy.

 

[marcin]

Cyclic events can be explained by understanding quantum mechanics and properties of Transient Condensates. To explain contraction and expansion of both matter and energy.

Since there are no space and time to be expanded and contracted, right? Since the radiation energy doesn't need space and time to exist and to propagate. Since there are no such things as a wavelength and oscillation period, right? Since this radiation energy does not depend directly on the wavelength and the frequency, that is the inverse of period. There is also no need for space and time at all to separate all the matter, right? It just exists withouth them, but it's miracuolosly separated and distinguishable.

 

[Harry Costas]

Since there are no space and time to be expanded and contracted, right? Since the radiation energy doesn't need space and time to exist and to propagate. Since there are no such things as a wavelength and oscillation period, right? Since this radiation energy does not depend directly on the wavelength and the frequency, that is the inverse of period. There is also no need for space and time at all to separate all the matter, right? It just exists withouth them, but it's miracuolosly separated and distinguishable.

What are you trying to say?

 

[marcin]

What are you trying to say?

Nothing, I misspoken, space and time don't exist, all my arguments are invalid.

 

[Harry Costas]

Nothing, I misspoken, space and time don't exist, all my arguments are invalid.

Space does exist.
Matter exist.
Time measures how matter dances in space.

 

[Harry Costas]

Cyclic events are most important toe explain the workings of an infinite time line in space.

[Submitted on 6 Aug 2024]

Revealing the Berry phase under the tunneling barrier​

Lior Faeyrman, Eduardo B. Molinero, Roni Weiss, Vladimir Narovlansky, Omer Kneller, Talya Arusi-Parpar, Barry D. Bruner, Binghai Yan, Misha Ivanov, Olga Smirnova, Alvaro Jimenez-Galan, Riccardo Piccoli, Rui E.F. Silva, Nirit Dudovich, Ayelet J. Uzan-Narovlansky

In quantum mechanics, a quantum wavepacket may acquire a geometrical phase as it evolves along a cyclic trajectory in parameter space. In condensed matter systems, the Berry phase plays a crucial role in fundamental phenomena such as the Hall effect, orbital magnetism, and polarization. Resolving the quantum nature of these processes commonly requires sensitive quantum techniques, as tunneling, being the dominant mechanism in STM microscopy and tunneling transport devices. In this study, we integrate these two phenomena - geometrical phases and tunneling - and observe a complex-valued Berry phase via strong field light matter interactions in condensed matter systems. By manipulating the tunneling barrier, with attoseconds precision, we measure the imaginary Berry phase accumulated as the electron tunnels during a fraction of the optical cycle. Our work opens new theoretical and experimental directions in geometrical phases physics and their realization in condensed matter systems, expanding solid state strong field light metrology to study topological quantum phenomena.

 

[Harry Costas]

When scientists talk about the early universe, I start questioning the paper.
Assuming there is an early universe without foundational evidence is picking at straws. But! saying that the paper is worth reading.
Hey! I could be wrong with my opinion.

[Submitted on 28 Feb 2025 (v1), last revised 11 Mar 2025 (this version, v2)]

The THESAN-ZOOM project: Burst, quench, repeat -- unveiling the evolution of high-redshift galaxies along the star-forming main sequence​

William McClymont, Sandro Tacchella, Aaron Smith, Rahul Kannan, Ewald Puchwein, Josh Borrow, Enrico Garaldi, Laura Keating, Mark Vogelsberger, Oliver Zier, Xuejian Shen, Filip Popovic, Charlotte Simmonds

Characterizing the evolution of the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) at high redshift is crucial to contextualize the observed extreme properties of galaxies in the early Universe. We present an analysis of the SFMS and its scatter in the THESAN-ZOOM simulations, where we find a redshift evolution of the SFMS normalization scaling as ∝(1+z)2.64±0.03, significantly stronger than is typically inferred from observations. We can reproduce the flatter observed evolution by filtering out weakly star-forming galaxies, implying that current observational fits are biased due to a missing population of lulling galaxies or overestimated star-formation rates. We also explore star-formation variability using the scatter of galaxies around the SFMS (σMS). At the population level, the scatter around the SFMS increases with cosmic time, driven by the increased importance of long-term environmental effects in regulating star formation at later times. To study short-term star-formation variability, or ''burstiness'', we isolate the scatter on timescales shorter than 50 Myr. The short-term scatter is larger at higher redshift, indicating that star formation is indeed more bursty in the early Universe. We identify two starburst modes: (i) externally driven, where rapid large-scale inflows trigger and fuel prolonged, extreme star formation episodes, and (ii) internally driven, where cyclical ejection and re-accretion of the interstellar medium in low-mass galaxies drive bursts, even under relatively steady large-scale inflow. Both modes occur at all redshifts, but the increased burstiness of galaxies at higher redshift is due to the increasing prevalence of the more extreme external mode of star formation.

 

[Harry Costas]

OK, we have many papers that have talked about previous AEONs.


[Submitted on 31 Mar 2025]

The Physics of Conformal Cyclic Cosmology​

Krzysztof A. Meissner, Roger Penrose

According to conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC), the currently conventional description of the entire history of the universe (but without an initial inflationary phase) provides but one cosmic aeon of an unending sequence of such aeons, where the future conformal infinity of each aeon joins essentially smoothly to the conformally stretched big bang of the next, across a spacelike 3-surface, referred to as a crossover 3-surface. Whereas in previous accounts of CCC a detailed description of the physics of crossover had been somewhat problematic, a novel idea is introduced here to show how crossover takes place naturally during a temporal period of the universe that is dominated by gravitational waves referred to here as a gravitational wave epoch (GWE). Accordingly, the geometry at the crossover surface is conformally smooth, except at a discrete set of points, referred to as Hawking points, each representing the final Hawking evaporation of the dominant black hole of a galactic cluster in the earlier aeon. It is shown here (using 2-spinor and twistor techniques) that there is a mass-energy conservation law that holds across the crossover surface, showing that the rise of temperature within such Hawking spots should be effectively determined by the total mass of the pre-crossover galactic cluster involved. This rise of temperature on the CMB map within Hawking spots is found to be in quantitative agreement with the masses of the largest galactic clusters observed in our own aeon what suggests that the physics in the previous aeon was, at least in the gravitational sector, similar to ours. A second observational feature, the actual angular diameter of the Hawking spots seen in our CMB, which is about twice what should have been expected, is associated to the presence of GWE just after the crossover and before the start of the usual cosmological epochs.

 

[Harry Costas]

We study eigenstates which are characterised by cyclic supercurrents per each triangular plaquette ("loop" states). For noninteracting systems we find at least three classes of loop eigenmodes: standard; chaotic and periodic.

Why, research matter that can be recycled?
So that we can know how the universe functions in an endless process.

[Submitted on 16 Jan 2024 (v1), last revised 10 Sep 2024 (this version, v2)]

Loop current states and their stability in small fractal lattices of Bose-Einstein condensates​

Georg Koch, Anna Posazhennikova

We consider a model of interacting Bose-Einstein condensates on small Sierpinski gaskets. We study eigenstates which are characterised by cyclic supercurrents per each triangular plaquette ("loop" states). For noninteracting systems we find at least three classes of loop eigenmodes: standard; chaotic and periodic. Standard modes are those inherited from the basic three-site ring of condensates with phase differences locked to 2π/3. Standard modes become unstable in the interacting system but only when the interaction exceeds a certain critical value uc. Chaotic modes are characterised by very different circular currents per plaquette, so that the usual symmetry of loop currents is broken. Circular supercurrents associated with chaotic modes become chaotic for any finite interaction, signalling the loss of coherence between the condensates. Periodic modes are described by alternating populations and two different phase differences. The modes are self-similar and are present in all generations of Sierpinski gasket. When the interaction is included, the circular current of such a mode becomes periodic in time with the amplitude growing linearly with the interaction. Above a critical interaction the amplitude saturates signalling a transition to a macroscopic self-trapping state originally known from a usual Bose Josephson junction. We perform a systematic analysis of this rich physics.

 

[Harry Costas]

Alternative thinking is always a plus.

[Submitted on 25 Feb 2022]

Alternative ideas in cosmology​

Martin Lopez-Corredoira, Louis Marmet

Some remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are reviewed here, ranging from a compilation of variations on the Standard Model through the more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma cosmology, or universe models as a hypersphere, to the most exotic cases including static models.
The present-day standard model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM, gives us a representation of a cosmos whose dynamics is dominated by gravity with a finite lifetime, large scale homogeneity, expansion and a hot initial state, together with other dark elements necessary to avoid certain inconsistencies with observations. There are however some models with characteristics that are close to those of the standard model but differing in some minor aspects: different considerations on CP violation, inflation, number of neutrino species, quark-hadron phase transition, baryonic or non-baryonic dark-matter, dark energy, nucleosynthesis scenarios, large-scale structure formation scenarios; or major variations like a inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants or gravity law, zero-active mass (also called `R_h=ct'), Milne, and cyclical models.
At the most extreme distance from the standard model, the static models, a non-cosmological redshift includes `tired-light' hypotheses, which assume that the photon loses energy owing to an intrinsic property or an interaction with matter or light as it travels some distance, or other non-standard ideas.
Our impression is that none of the alternative models has acquired the same level of development as Lambda-CDM in offering explanations of available cosmological observations. One should not, however, judge any theory in terms of the number of observations that it can successfully explain (ad hoc in many cases) given the much lower level of development of the alternative ones.

 

[Harry Costas]

[Submitted on 8 Mar 2023 (v1), last revised 5 May 2023 (this version, v2)]

String Cosmology: from the Early Universe to Today​

Michele Cicoli, Joseph P. Conlon, Anshuman Maharana, Susha Parameswaran, Fernando Quevedo, Ivonne Zavala

We review applications of string theory to cosmology, from primordial times to the present-day accelerated expansion. Starting with a brief overview of cosmology and string compactifications, we discuss in detail moduli stabilisation, inflation in string theory, the impact of string theory on post-inflationary dynamics (reheating, moduli domination, kination), dark energy (the cosmological constant from a string landscape and models of quintessence) and various alternative scenarios (string/brane gases, the pre big-bang scenario, rolling tachyons, ekpyrotic/cyclic cosmologies, bubbles of nothing, S-brane and holographic cosmologies). The state of the art in string constructions is described in each topic and, where relevant, connections to swampland conjectures are made. The possibilities for novel particles and excitations (axions, moduli, cosmic strings, branes, solitons, oscillons and boson stars) are emphasised. Implications for the physics of the CMB, gravitational waves, dark matter and dark radiation are discussed along with potential observational signatures.

 

[Harry Costas]

How matter is recycled is important in understanding the ongoing universe.

[Submitted on 11 Mar 2025]

Quantum squeezing amplification with a weak Kerr nonlinear oscillator​

Yanyan Cai, Xiaowei Deng, Libo Zhang, Zhongchu Ni, Jiasheng Mai, Peihao Huang, Pan Zheng, Ling Hu, Song Liu, Yuan Xu, Dapeng Yu

Quantum squeezed states, with reduced quantum noise, have been widely utilized in quantum sensing and quantum error correction applications. However, generating and manipulating these nonclassical states with a large squeezing degree typically requires strong nonlinearity, which inevitably induces additional decoherence that diminishes the overall performance. Here, we demonstrate the generation and amplification of squeezed states in a superconducting microwave cavity with weak Kerr nonlinearity. By subtly engineering an off-resonant microwave drive, we observe cyclic dynamics of the quantum squeezing evolution for various Fock states |N> with N up to 6 in displaced frame of the cavity. Furthermore, we deterministically realize quantum squeezing amplification by alternately displacing the Kerr oscillator using the Trotterization technique, achieving a maximum squeezing degree of 14.6 dB and squeezing rate of 0.28 MHz. Our hardware-efficient displacement-enhanced squeezing operations provide an alternative pathway for generating large squeezed states, promising potential applications in quantum-enhanced sensing and quantum information processing.

 

[Harry Costas]

Maybe slightly off the topic, but! interesting.

[Submitted on 8 May 2025]

Steady-state heat engines driven by finite reservoirs​

Iago N. Mamede, Saulo V. Moreira, Mark T. Mitchison, Carlos E. Fiore

We provide a consistent thermodynamic analysis of stochastic thermal engines driven by finite-size reservoirs, which are in turn coupled to infinite-size reservoirs. We consider a cyclic operation mode, where the working medium couples sequentially to hot and cold reservoirs, and a continuous mode with both reservoirs coupled simultaneously. We derive an effective temperature for the finite-size reservoirs determining the entropy production for two-state engines in the sequential coupling scenario, and show that finite-size reservoirs can meaningfully affect the power when compared to infinite-size reservoirs in both sequential and simultaneous coupling scenarios. We also investigate a three-state engine comprising two interacting units and optimize its performance in the presence of a finite reservoir. Notably, we show that the efficiency at maximum power can exceed the Curzon-Ahlborn bound with finite reservoirs. Our work introduces tools to optimize the performance of nanoscale engines under realistic conditions of finite reservoir heat capacity and imperfect thermal isolation.

 

[Harry Costas]

Cyclic or not cyclic, that is the question.
To be or not to be.

In the de Sitter case, particles traverse the wormhole, passing from one throat to the other. In contrast, in the anti-de Sitter case, particles exhibit recurrent oscillatory motion between two asymptotic regions, cyclically disappearing and reappearing across the throats.

[Submitted on 15 May 2025]

Charged wormholes in (anti-)de Sitter spacetime​

Hyeong-Chan Kim, Wonwoo Lee

We present a family of charged, traversable wormhole solutions in the presence of a cosmological constant. In de Sitter spacetime, two types of wormhole throats can exist--referred to as typical and cosmological throat--located at small and large radial values, respectively. In anti-de Sitter spacetime, the throat geometry allows for positive, zero, or negative curvature, enabling the possibility of an infinite throat area. We analyze the flare-out condition, a key requirement for the existence of traversable wormholes, which imposes constraints on the equation of state parameters governing the supporting matter. These solutions are shown to be of Petrov type D. Furthermore, we examine radial geodesics of null and timelike particles. In the de Sitter case, particles traverse the wormhole, passing from one throat to the other. In contrast, in the anti-de Sitter case, particles exhibit recurrent oscillatory motion between two asymptotic regions, cyclically disappearing and reappearing across the throats.

 

[Harry Costas]

If I had posted this paper before.
Sorry

[Submitted on 18 Jan 2008]

Cosmology and Cosmogony in a Cyclic Universe​

Jayant V. Narlikar, Geoffrey Burbidge, R.G. Vishwakarma

In this paper we discuss the properties of the quasi-steady state cosmological model (QSSC) developed in 1993 in its role as a cyclic model of the universe driven by a negative energy scalar field. We discuss the origin of such a scalar field in the primary creation process first described by F. Hoyle and J. V. Narlikar forty years ago. It is shown that the creation processes which takes place in the nuclei of galaxies are closely linked to the high energy and explosive phenomena, which are commonly observed in galaxies at all redshifts.
The cyclic nature of the universe provides a natural link between the places of origin of the microwave background radiation (arising in hydrogen burning in stars), and the origin of the lightest nuclei (H, D, He^3 and He^4). It also allows us to relate the large scale cyclic properties of the universe to events taking place in the nuclei of galaxies. Observational evidence shows that ejection of matter and energy from these centers in the form of compact objects, gas and relativistic particles is responsible for the population of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and gamma-ray burst sources in the universe.
In the later parts of the paper we briefly discuss the major unsolved problems of this integrated cosmological and cosmogonical scheme. These are the understanding of the origin of the intrinsic redshifts, and the periodicities in the redshift distribution of the QSOs.

 

[Harry Costas]

Sorry if I have posted this paper before.
For those who have missed this paper.

[Submitted on 19 Apr 2011 (v1), last revised 8 Jul 2011 (this version, v2)]

Pre-Big-Bang Cosmology and Circles in the Cosmic Microwave Background​

William Nelson, Edward Wilson-Ewing

We examine the possibility that circles in the cosmic microwave background could be formed by the interaction of a gravitational wave pulse emitted in some pre-big-bang phase of the universe with the last scattering surface. We derive the expected size distribution of such circles, as well as their typical ring width and (for concentric circles) angular separation. We apply these results in particular to conformal cyclic cosmology, ekpyrotic cosmology as well as loop quantum cosmology with and without inflation in order to determine how the predicted geometric properties of these circles would vary from one model to the other, and thus, if detected, could allow us to differentiate between various pre-big-bang cosmological models. We also obtain a relation between the angular ring width and the angular radius of such circles that can be used in order to determine whether or not circles observed in the cosmic microwave background are due to energetic pre-big-bang events.

 

[G_x0a]

Any cyclic model does ot satisfy the question of how it all started. Same problem invalidates Intelligent Design. Who created the Creator?

Or where is the center of the universe?

 

[Harry Costas]

Hello G_x0a
No Start to the Universe
No Centre of the universe.
You cannot create matter or energy.
You cannot destroy matter or energy.

The cyclic process explains how matter and energy are recycled.

As for the creator, I assume you are talking about THE GOD.
It means that THE GOD has been around all the time.

 

[G_x0a]

I was just thinking about the need for a center of rotation when talking about cycles, periodicity or repetition.

 

[Harry Costas]

We have different forms of cyclic processes and their locations.

Our star has a cyclic process with the core. Matter ejected from the core via dipolar electromagnetic fields and attracts matter from the solar envelope. Atoms in the solar envelope photodisintegrate when they enter the core, into Protons and Neutrons, and are expelled out in the form of Hydrogen into the solar envelope where, through fusion, start to make up most elements.

Condensate Cores (Black Hole) collect matter and eject the matter via a dipolar electromagnetic vector field.

 

[G_x0a]

Thanks @Harry Costas , looks like I learned more about there being different forms of circulation.
Looks like your topic is about the metabolism inside the universe .
And I have no ideas about this. Good day to you.

 

[Harry Costas]

Hello G_x0a
Ask any question.
And if I'm able to answer, I will.

 

[Catastrophe]

The answer is really very simple. There is no Universe.

Every conscious being is at the centre of their observable universe.

Light, though at very high speed, does take time to travel and reach far places.

Some very distant places emit light, which just does not have time to reach us.
This is a very good NASA reference:

Imagine the Universe!

This site is intended for students age 14 and up, and for anyone interested in learning about our universe.

imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

Light travels more than 13 billion light years to reach us.
Beyond that we just cannot receive any information (light).

The subject is even more complicated, because it is believed that the (observed) universes are expanding, so the distance light has to travel expands as light travels through it.

Imagine a worm, which is not believed to have much vision.
"When our reader asked us if worms can see, the answer is that they can perceive light from the light sensitive cells in their ocelli. It doesn’t necessarily mean that they can see like humans and many other creatures, but they can perceive where the light is in order to find their way around."

Worms are limited in their knowledge of "The Universe", like every other being, by the nature of their "observable universes"; by their senses.

We are somewhat more gifted in our senses than worms, but, contrary to our inflated egos, we still have limitations. We seem to believe that we, more than any other being, are so special that we can know all there is to know. We don't. We do know that it is possible to increase our knowledge, because we have invented telescopes and means of increasing our range technically to interpret a wider range of EM wavelengths, IR, UV, X-rays et cetera.

But we are very far from "all knowing" and invent "super beings" which are.

Because we are unable to understand some questions, we invent answers or bury them in cyclic semantics, and persuade ourselves that we understand what is beyond us.

We convince ourselves that "The Universe" is expanding, whilst all we can "know" is that the part we can see is expanding.

I like the idea (truth) that "The map is not the territory".
We should also understand that our map does not cover all of the territory.

Even if, only due to the limitation of our own senses, we cannot perceive all of the universe (meaning the sum of all observable universes, or whatever else), that does not mean that we can ever understand more than a small part.

Be very careful when you use the word "universe".

Cat