Interesting to follow efforts to study and define DM. Here is another recent report using gravitational lensing.
New look at 'Einstein rings' around distant galaxies just got us closer to solving the dark matter debate,
https://phys.org/news/2023-04-einstein-distant-galaxies-closer-dark.html
Ref - Einstein rings modulated by wavelike dark matter from anomalies in gravitationally lensed images,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-01943-9, 20-April-2023.
My note. The NASA ADS Abstract has a 2002 report on this QSO lensing. Discovery of a new quadruply lensed QSO: HS 0810+2554 - A brighter twin to PG 1115+080,
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...382L..26R/abstract, January 2002.
"We announce the probable discovery of a new very bright gravitationally lensed QSO, HS 0810+2554 (z=1.50, V=15.3). The gravitational lens character has been discovered serendipitously by means of short (12 times 1 s) HST/STIS target acquisition images. The coadded images show a close bright double A (V=16.0) and B (16.7) separated by 0.25 arcsec plus two fainter images C (17.4) and D (18.8). There is also evidence for a lens galaxy in the center of the images which is fainter than A by a factor of le 30 at 7150 Å. The image configuration resembles very much that of PG 1115+080 except that in HS 0810+2554 image splittings (<=1'') are smaller by a factor of ~ 2.5 and HS 0810+2554 is brighter by ~ 1{m}. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by Aura, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26 555 and on observations at the German - Spanish Astronomical Center (DSAZ) on Calar Alto, Spain."
My note. The cosmology calculators show comoving radial distance for z=1.5, space must expand faster than c velocity, 1.0209580E+00 or 1.02 x c velocity. The current report in phys.org favors axions as the particles to explain DM as modeled using QSO HS 0810+2554. More observations I feel are needed here. In the solar system, the heliocentric solar system does not need axions or wimps to explain planet motion, same for detailed observations of more than 5300 exoplanets. The BB model does not explain the origin of DM (whether WIMPS, AXIONS, or something else) and does not explain the origin of physical law and constants found in nature. The GR metric for expanding space did not use DM or DE originally and cosmology calculators can be used without DM or DE too. It seems we should soon be able to clearly define what DM is from these new efforts reported. A consistent view is needed or perhaps DM simply does not exist. Following SuperBIT reports and comparing with others should be very interesting.
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