The following two links to two research projects indicate that there is a gravity force between photons that behaves like matter with mass. This conclusion opens a new door to the study of Dark Matter.
The experiment in the Large Hadron Collider shows how photons can behave like matter with mass. “CERN have found that the first direct evidence of high energy light-by-light scattering a very rare process in which two photos - particles of light - interact and change direction.”
https://atlas.cern/updates/press-st...t-evidence-light-light-scattering-high-energy
https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=217397
The following is another experiment by the University of Pittsburgh. “Unlike particles of matter, however, photons have no mass. It is surprising, then, to find that gravity - traditionally understood as the force attracting any two objects with mass - can affect light.”
https://funsizephysics.com/gravity-for-photons/
Below you will find a very brief comparison that I presented among the theories of Dark Matter, MOND, and Gravity Force by Electromagnetic wave.
Chart on comparisons below. Yes means the observation supports that theory, No means it doesn’t.
Dark Matter vs MOND vs Gravity by EM waves
In order to explain gravitational effect observations which cannot be explained by today’s mainstream physics in galaxies and large-scale cosmos, many new theories have been proposed. Currently the theory suggesting that Dark Matter is comprised of tiny particles is generally accepted. However, this theory faces some tough challenges such as the Tully-Fisher relation and the Core-Cusp Problem. To date, no such particle has been detected after more than three decades of research.
Due to the obvious problems with the above Dark Matter theory, some alternatives have been proposed. One of them is the MOND (Modified Newtonian dynamics) theory, which can explain some observations neatly. But this theory is also struggling with some other observations, such as the Bullet Cluster, Gravitational Lensing, CMB, expansion of the universe, etc.
However, there is one new field theory on gravity force that was published in 2020. This theory explains all those observations. The new field theory postulates that if the gravity force is in fact due to an elastic field it would be also exerted by electromagnetic waves/photons/light. Here are the equations:
F=Y_1 (f_1 f_2)/r^2 (gravity force between photon and photon)
F=Y_2 f m/r^2 (gravity force between photon and mass)
Where:
F – gravity force between two photons or photon and an object with mass
Y_1 = 3.61 × 10^−111 𝑚^3 𝑘g
Y_2 = 4.91 x 10^-61 m^3 s^-1
f – photon frequency
m – mass of object
r – distance between two photons or object with mass and photon
The details of these two equations are in this link:
https://zenodo.org/record/4541280#.YPOcfUwpDIW
Here is a link to a paper posted on March 27, 2020 positing a theory that the elastic field as a unified field can explain the mechanism of gravity force exerted by EM waves:
https://zenodo.org/record/4057270#.YPOcr0wpDIW
According to this new theory, this is where the extra gravity force on those so-called Dark Matter observations comes from.
The following is a brief comparison of three theories to see if they can explain the different observations that are currently under debate. The theories compared are: Dark Matter as tiny particle (will be referenced as Dark Matter), MOND, Dark Matter as gravitational effect by Electromagnetic waves / photons / light (will be referenced as Gravity by EM waves).
- Galaxy Rotation Curve
“The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's center. It is typically rendered graphically as a plot, and the data observed from each side of a spiral galaxy are generally asymmetric, so that data from each side are averaged to create the curve. A significant discrepancy exists between the experimental curves observed, and a curve derived by applying gravity theory to the matter observed in a galaxy.”
All three theories can explain this observation.
- Gravitational Lensing
“A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer.”
Dark Matter can explain this very well, while MOND is having difficulty with this observation.
Gravity by EM waves can explain this very well. The additional gravitational force exerted by EM waves emitted from a Galaxy would lead to an increase in calculated gravitational lensing that would match the observations.
- Bullet Cluster
“The Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies. The stars of the galaxies, observable in visible light, were not greatly affected by the collision, and most passed right through, gravitationally slowed but not otherwise altered. The hot gas of the two colliding components, seen in X-rays, represents most of the baryonic, or "ordinary", matter in the cluster pair. The gases interact electromagnetically, causing the gases of both clusters to slow much more than the stars. The third component, the dark matter, was detected indirectly by the gravitational lensing of background objects.
In theories without dark matter, such as Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), the lensing would be expected to follow the baryonic matter; i.e. the X-ray gas. However, the lensing is strongest in two separated regions near (possibly coincident with) the visible galaxies. This provides support for the idea that most of the gravitation in the cluster pair is in the form of two regions of dark matter, which bypassed the gas regions during the collision. This accords with predictions of dark matter as only gravitationally interacting, other than weakly interacting.”
Dark Matter claims this is the best evidence for the existence of dark matter, but still cannot explain why dark matter as tiny particles has no fiction among each other, and therefore does not slow down when the tiny particles run into each other.
MOND cannot explain this at all. This is a major problem for MOND.
Gravity by EM waves can explain the Bullet Cluster observation very well. EM waves emitted by each colliding galaxy continue to surround that galaxy when it moves away. EM waves, instead of particles, don’t interact at all with each other but pass right through.
- Tully-Fisher Relation
“The Tully–Fisher relation (TFR) is an empirical relationship between the mass or intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy and its asymptotic rotation velocity or emission line width.”
“Existing dark matter theory predicts that any random galaxy may contain larger or smaller fractions of dark matter. So, when one measures the visible mass, you could potentially be missing a huge chunk of the total mass. As a result, visible mass should be a very poor predictor of the total mass (and thereby rotational speed) of the galaxy. The galaxy's mass could be similar to that of the visible (ordinary) mass or it could be much larger.
Thus, there is no reason to expect that the visible mass should be a good predictor of the rotational speed of the galaxy. Yet it is.
--- By Dr. Don Lincoln of Fermilab”
https://www.livescience.com/59814-is-dark-matter-real.html
This solid observation makes no sense under the theory of Dark Matter as a tiny particle. This is a major reason why the theory of Dark Matter is being seriously questioned by the scientific community.
MOND can explain this observation well.
The theory of Gravity by EM waves can easily explain this. EM waves are light. According to the above gravity force by EM waves equations, the photon’s frequency and number are both variables that affect the gravity force. The higher the frequency and the greater the number of photons, the stronger the extra gravity force will be which allows for a faster rotation speed of the galaxy. Hence there is correlation between luminosity of a galaxy and its velocity of rotation. The Tully-Fisher relation perfectly matches the Gravity by EM Waves theory.
- Dark Matter Halo
“Galaxies are typically flat, yet their observed gravitational fields are spherical. In both galaxies and groups and clusters of galaxies, the dark matter is found to be distributed in a roughly spherical halo around the visible component – the dark halo. Dark matter halos appear to generally be in the shape of triaxial ellipsoids”.
Neither Dark Matter nor MOND can come up with a good explanation for this observation.
Gravity by EM waves can easily explain this. EM waves are emitted in all directions from the galaxy, producing the spherical gravitational field. As EM waves move further out, their energy dissipates decreasing their concentration, and thereby having a lesser effect on the gravitational field. This results in the Dark Matter halos that we observe.
- Core-Cusp problem
“The cuspy halo problem (also known as the core-cusp problem) refers to a discrepancy between the inferred dark matter density profiles of low-mass galaxies and the density profiles predicted by cosmological N-body simulations. Nearly all simulations form dark matter halos which have "cuspy" dark matter distributions, with density increasing steeply at small radii, while the rotation curves of most observed dwarf galaxies suggest that they have flat central dark matter density profiles ("cores").”
“The Core‐Cusp problem” is one of the open questions on Dark Matter theory. There remains a discrepancy between theory and observation regarding the mass‐density distribution of the dark matter halo.
MOND can offer an explanation.
Because EM waves are emitted and spread out in all directions from a galaxy, Gravity by EM wave theory’s prediction won’t contradict the observations of how Dark Matter behaves.
- Observations on how the universe formed and what the structure is now, such as CMB, LCMD, expansion of our universe.
The above observations support Dark Matter theory.
With MOND, it is hard to explain why our universe is what it is now. This is one of the major problems with MOND.
Gravity by EM waves not only can explain the above observations, but also offers new solutions to those problems in this particular field, such as constant, density, smoothness, accelerated rate of expansion of our universe, dark energy, etc.
The comparison above shows that neither Dark Matter or MOND theories can explain all of the cosmological observations. Attempts to combine these theories have just complicated the study. However, the Gravity Force by EM Waves theory can explain these cosmological observations. As the scientific community often follows Occam’s razor principle, this new theory is worth giving serious examination.
For more information, you may want to check this link:
www.GravityEM.com
The experiment in the Large Hadron Collider shows how photons can behave like matter with mass. “CERN have found that the first direct evidence of high energy light-by-light scattering a very rare process in which two photos - particles of light - interact and change direction.”
https://atlas.cern/updates/press-st...t-evidence-light-light-scattering-high-energy
https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=217397
The following is another experiment by the University of Pittsburgh. “Unlike particles of matter, however, photons have no mass. It is surprising, then, to find that gravity - traditionally understood as the force attracting any two objects with mass - can affect light.”
https://funsizephysics.com/gravity-for-photons/
Below you will find a very brief comparison that I presented among the theories of Dark Matter, MOND, and Gravity Force by Electromagnetic wave.
Chart on comparisons below. Yes means the observation supports that theory, No means it doesn’t.
| Dark Matter | MOND | G by EM waves | |
| Galaxy Rotation Curve | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Gravitational Lensing | Yes | No | Yes |
| Bullet Cluster | Yes | No | Yes |
| Tully-Fisher Relation | No | Yes | Yes |
| Dark Matter Halo | No | No | Yes |
| Core-Cusp problem | No | Yes | Yes |
| Data on Cosmological scale | Yes | No | Yes |
A comparative examination of cosmological observations through three theories:
Dark Matter vs MOND vs Gravity by EM waves
In order to explain gravitational effect observations which cannot be explained by today’s mainstream physics in galaxies and large-scale cosmos, many new theories have been proposed. Currently the theory suggesting that Dark Matter is comprised of tiny particles is generally accepted. However, this theory faces some tough challenges such as the Tully-Fisher relation and the Core-Cusp Problem. To date, no such particle has been detected after more than three decades of research.
Due to the obvious problems with the above Dark Matter theory, some alternatives have been proposed. One of them is the MOND (Modified Newtonian dynamics) theory, which can explain some observations neatly. But this theory is also struggling with some other observations, such as the Bullet Cluster, Gravitational Lensing, CMB, expansion of the universe, etc.
However, there is one new field theory on gravity force that was published in 2020. This theory explains all those observations. The new field theory postulates that if the gravity force is in fact due to an elastic field it would be also exerted by electromagnetic waves/photons/light. Here are the equations:
F=Y_1 (f_1 f_2)/r^2 (gravity force between photon and photon)
F=Y_2 f m/r^2 (gravity force between photon and mass)
Where:
F – gravity force between two photons or photon and an object with mass
Y_1 = 3.61 × 10^−111 𝑚^3 𝑘g
Y_2 = 4.91 x 10^-61 m^3 s^-1
f – photon frequency
m – mass of object
r – distance between two photons or object with mass and photon
The details of these two equations are in this link:
https://zenodo.org/record/4541280#.YPOcfUwpDIW
Here is a link to a paper posted on March 27, 2020 positing a theory that the elastic field as a unified field can explain the mechanism of gravity force exerted by EM waves:
https://zenodo.org/record/4057270#.YPOcr0wpDIW
According to this new theory, this is where the extra gravity force on those so-called Dark Matter observations comes from.
The following is a brief comparison of three theories to see if they can explain the different observations that are currently under debate. The theories compared are: Dark Matter as tiny particle (will be referenced as Dark Matter), MOND, Dark Matter as gravitational effect by Electromagnetic waves / photons / light (will be referenced as Gravity by EM waves).
- Galaxy Rotation Curve
“The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's center. It is typically rendered graphically as a plot, and the data observed from each side of a spiral galaxy are generally asymmetric, so that data from each side are averaged to create the curve. A significant discrepancy exists between the experimental curves observed, and a curve derived by applying gravity theory to the matter observed in a galaxy.”
All three theories can explain this observation.
- Gravitational Lensing
“A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer.”
Dark Matter can explain this very well, while MOND is having difficulty with this observation.
Gravity by EM waves can explain this very well. The additional gravitational force exerted by EM waves emitted from a Galaxy would lead to an increase in calculated gravitational lensing that would match the observations.
- Bullet Cluster
“The Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies. The stars of the galaxies, observable in visible light, were not greatly affected by the collision, and most passed right through, gravitationally slowed but not otherwise altered. The hot gas of the two colliding components, seen in X-rays, represents most of the baryonic, or "ordinary", matter in the cluster pair. The gases interact electromagnetically, causing the gases of both clusters to slow much more than the stars. The third component, the dark matter, was detected indirectly by the gravitational lensing of background objects.
In theories without dark matter, such as Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), the lensing would be expected to follow the baryonic matter; i.e. the X-ray gas. However, the lensing is strongest in two separated regions near (possibly coincident with) the visible galaxies. This provides support for the idea that most of the gravitation in the cluster pair is in the form of two regions of dark matter, which bypassed the gas regions during the collision. This accords with predictions of dark matter as only gravitationally interacting, other than weakly interacting.”
Dark Matter claims this is the best evidence for the existence of dark matter, but still cannot explain why dark matter as tiny particles has no fiction among each other, and therefore does not slow down when the tiny particles run into each other.
MOND cannot explain this at all. This is a major problem for MOND.
Gravity by EM waves can explain the Bullet Cluster observation very well. EM waves emitted by each colliding galaxy continue to surround that galaxy when it moves away. EM waves, instead of particles, don’t interact at all with each other but pass right through.
- Tully-Fisher Relation
“The Tully–Fisher relation (TFR) is an empirical relationship between the mass or intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy and its asymptotic rotation velocity or emission line width.”
“Existing dark matter theory predicts that any random galaxy may contain larger or smaller fractions of dark matter. So, when one measures the visible mass, you could potentially be missing a huge chunk of the total mass. As a result, visible mass should be a very poor predictor of the total mass (and thereby rotational speed) of the galaxy. The galaxy's mass could be similar to that of the visible (ordinary) mass or it could be much larger.
Thus, there is no reason to expect that the visible mass should be a good predictor of the rotational speed of the galaxy. Yet it is.
--- By Dr. Don Lincoln of Fermilab”
https://www.livescience.com/59814-is-dark-matter-real.html
This solid observation makes no sense under the theory of Dark Matter as a tiny particle. This is a major reason why the theory of Dark Matter is being seriously questioned by the scientific community.
MOND can explain this observation well.
The theory of Gravity by EM waves can easily explain this. EM waves are light. According to the above gravity force by EM waves equations, the photon’s frequency and number are both variables that affect the gravity force. The higher the frequency and the greater the number of photons, the stronger the extra gravity force will be which allows for a faster rotation speed of the galaxy. Hence there is correlation between luminosity of a galaxy and its velocity of rotation. The Tully-Fisher relation perfectly matches the Gravity by EM Waves theory.
- Dark Matter Halo
“Galaxies are typically flat, yet their observed gravitational fields are spherical. In both galaxies and groups and clusters of galaxies, the dark matter is found to be distributed in a roughly spherical halo around the visible component – the dark halo. Dark matter halos appear to generally be in the shape of triaxial ellipsoids”.
Neither Dark Matter nor MOND can come up with a good explanation for this observation.
Gravity by EM waves can easily explain this. EM waves are emitted in all directions from the galaxy, producing the spherical gravitational field. As EM waves move further out, their energy dissipates decreasing their concentration, and thereby having a lesser effect on the gravitational field. This results in the Dark Matter halos that we observe.
- Core-Cusp problem
“The cuspy halo problem (also known as the core-cusp problem) refers to a discrepancy between the inferred dark matter density profiles of low-mass galaxies and the density profiles predicted by cosmological N-body simulations. Nearly all simulations form dark matter halos which have "cuspy" dark matter distributions, with density increasing steeply at small radii, while the rotation curves of most observed dwarf galaxies suggest that they have flat central dark matter density profiles ("cores").”
“The Core‐Cusp problem” is one of the open questions on Dark Matter theory. There remains a discrepancy between theory and observation regarding the mass‐density distribution of the dark matter halo.
MOND can offer an explanation.
Because EM waves are emitted and spread out in all directions from a galaxy, Gravity by EM wave theory’s prediction won’t contradict the observations of how Dark Matter behaves.
- Observations on how the universe formed and what the structure is now, such as CMB, LCMD, expansion of our universe.
The above observations support Dark Matter theory.
With MOND, it is hard to explain why our universe is what it is now. This is one of the major problems with MOND.
Gravity by EM waves not only can explain the above observations, but also offers new solutions to those problems in this particular field, such as constant, density, smoothness, accelerated rate of expansion of our universe, dark energy, etc.
The comparison above shows that neither Dark Matter or MOND theories can explain all of the cosmological observations. Attempts to combine these theories have just complicated the study. However, the Gravity Force by EM Waves theory can explain these cosmological observations. As the scientific community often follows Occam’s razor principle, this new theory is worth giving serious examination.
For more information, you may want to check this link:
www.GravityEM.com
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