Saiph, you all - Have you found anything more on #6:<br /><br />6. Why is the intergalactic medium hotter in recent billions of years?<br /><br />Supernovas? Magnetic sources? - The medium is highly ionized or magnetized.<br /><br />If I remember correctly, early magnetic fields have been considered as alternates for gravity for the origin of certain planets and certain galaxies.<br /><br />As seed magnetic fields, so to speak.<br /><br />Standard models, of course, concentrate on gravity alone.