Proposal for landing site of the Phoenix Mars Lander.

[exoscientist]

The Phoenix Mars Lander is scheduled to lift off for Mars next month:<br /><br />Phoenix Lander Prepared for Martian Dust Storms <br />Wednesday, July 11, 2007 <br />http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,288831,00.html<br /><br />It is to land in the north polar region of Mars but the exact lander location has not yet been chosen.<br /><br />I propose as possible lander sites those areas that have been suggested to contain geologically young polar volcanoes:<br /><br />TOPOGRAPHY OF SMALL VOLCANOES AT THE MARGIN OF THE MARS NORTH POLAR CAP. <br />S.E.H. Sakimoto1, J. B. Garvin2, M. Wong1, and H. Wright1,3; 1(USRA at NASAÕs GSFC, Code 921, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA; ****@denali.gsfc.nasa.gov), 2(NASA's GSFC, Code 921, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA; ****@denali.gsfc.nasa.gov), 3 (USGS, Menlo Park, CA, 94025). <br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/polar2000/pdf/4092.pdf<br /><br />Also, dunes in the north polar region have been the only sites so far that are geologically young proven to contain sulfates:<br /><br />CRISM SPECTRAL SIGNATURES OF THE NORTH POLAR GYPSUM DUNES. <br />L.H. Roach1, J.F. Mustard1, S. Murchie2, Y. Langevin3, J.-P. Bibring3, J. Bishop4, N. Bridges6, A. Brown4, S. Byrne7, B.L. Ehlmann1, K. Herkenhoff7, P.C. McGuire5, R.E. Milliken6, S. Pelkey1, F. Poulet3, F.P. Seelos2, K. Seelos2, and the CRISM team. <br />1Dept. of Geological Sciences, Box 1846, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 ****@brown.edu, 2JHU/APL, Laurel, MD 20723, 3Institute d’Astrophysique Spatial (IAS), Orsay, France, 4SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, 5Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, 6JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, 7USGS, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 <br />Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) <br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2 <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob.<br /><br />Thank you very much.<br /><br />Unfortunately I cannot seem to open all of the PDF links. It crashes my computer!!!<br /><br />It is possible to post the diagrams & maps please?<br /><br />But reading the text you have posted, it sounds very interesting indeed.<br /><br />I hope a high latitude site with potential volcanic features will be possible.<br /><br />Are these volcanoes related to these seen by the ESA Mars Express?<br /><br />Below. One image of a martian arctic volcano. <br /><br />Credits: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum).<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob,<br /><br />Found this other arctic Martian volcano.<br /><br />Credits: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum).<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[robnissen]

On a related topic, is there any chance of sending the next Rover mission to one of the gullies that appears to contain flowing water? I don't know the size of the landing ellipse, but if it isn't too large, it would sure be nice to put one of the gullies in the middle of the ellipse and see what is going on.

 

[exoscientist]

Thanks for the links to Mars Express images, 3488.<br /> For reading the PDF files you may need to re-install Adobe reader.<br /><br /> Bob Clark <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob.<br /><br />Firstly you can call me Andrew. I think we are on first name terms.<br /><br />Yes I will try & re-install Abobe Reader.<br /><br />It seems as though I continue to have little problems with my set up.<br /><br />You are very welcome for the Mars Express links.<br /><br />Thank you for posting what you had posted.<br /><br />As you know, I am very interested in this, so any interesting ideas & updates<br />such as this thread, are very welcome IMO.<br /><br />Once again, Thank you very much.<br /><br />I will see what else I can find.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Thanks Bob,<br /><br />Had to use another computer (at work) to print off the PDF files.<br /><br />I will read them properly later, but just glancing at them briefly, looks very interesting.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

Correction. The largest sulfate deposit is around 80N latitude and 240E longitude, whereas the locations for the volcanoes in the abstracts I mentioned, while at around 80N latitude, were closer to 300E longitude.<br /> However, this Icarus article shows there are volcanic landforms at several different longitudes at around 80N, some closer to the 240E longitude of the densest sulfate deposit:<br /><br />North Polar Region Craterforms on Mars: Geometric Characteristics<br />from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter.<br />Icarus 144, 329–352 (2000).<br />http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/tharsis/garvin_icarus.pdf<br /><br /> This report to the 7th International Conference on Mars says the leading candidate landing sites for Phoenix lie in the area referred to as Region D, at 65N to 72N latitude and 230E to 250E longitude:<br /><br />OVERVIEW OF MARS EXPLORATION PROGRAM 2007 PHOENIX MISSION LANDING SITE<br />SELECTION.<br />Seventh International Conference on Mars.<br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/7thmars2007/pdf/3204.pdf<br /><br /> And the "REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF MARTIAN NORTH POLAR SULFATE report shows in Fig. 3 that a lower concentration sulfate deposit lies at about 70N, 230E, which is within Region D. <br /> So it is possible at least to put Phoenix close to a sulfate deposit, if not also close to a volcano.<br /><br /><br /> Bob Clark<br /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[3488]

Thank you Bob,<br /><br />I have printed off your last PDF links.<br /><br />I hope so too, that MPL can land close to a volcano.<br /><br />Not only would it be a good site for Martian arctic research, but would also accomplish <br />the following:<br /><br />1). Would enable Martian arctic weather observations over short periods.<br /><br />2). Be able to determine the depth below the surface of ice.<br /><br />3). Would be able to measure the chemistry of volcanic materials interacting with <br />the sub surface ice.<br /><br />4). Would also probably assist in helping to understand when this area was last volcanically active.<br /><br />5). Follow on from point 4, would also assist in the wider context of Martian <br />volcanism generally, perhaps comparing data from MER A Spirit, in Gusev Crater, with<br />the volcanic material already sampled there.<br /><br />6). Perhaps even reveal, did activity die out over a very short aerological period & was it a <br />slow process, that took many millions of years?<br /><br />I hope that the FINAL site will be chosen very soon.<br /><br />Shame really that there is no seismometer, as that could detect quakes generated <br />by possible subsurface ice melting & refreezing due to potential magma deeper down.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

The landing regions for Phoenix under consideration are shown in the image attached, taken from Fig. 1 of the report:<br /><br />OVERVIEW OF MARS EXPLORATION PROGRAM 2007 PHOENIX MISSION LANDING SITE SELECTION. <br />Seventh International Conference on Mars. <br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/7thmars2007/pdf/3204.pdf <br /><br /> Region D currently is the leading location for the landing.<br /><br /><br /> Bob Clark<br /><br />Caption to Fig. 1: <br /><br />"Figure 1. Polar perspective view of MOLA topography<br />with Regions A, B, C, and D shown. Each Region<br />covers the latitude range from 65° to 72° N. Region A<br />covers 250° to 270°, B 120° to 140°, C 65° to 85°, and<br />D 230° to 250° E." <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

A map by OMEGA of the north polar sulfate deposits is attached below, taken from Fig. 3 of the report:<br /><br />REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF MARTIAN NORTH POLAR SULFATE DEPOSITS. <br />B. H. N. Horgan1, J. F. Bell III1, E. Z. Noe Dobrea2, and P. C. Thomas1, 1Cornell University, Department of Astronomy (****@astro.cornell.edu), 2Malin Space Science Systems (now at Jet Propulsion Laboratory). <br />Seventh International Conference on Mars. <br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/7thmars2007/pdf/3241.pdf <br /><br /> I drew in an arrow in red indicating the location of the lower concentration sulfate deposit at about 70N latitude, 230E longitude, within the possible Phoenix landing area Region D.<br /><br /><br /> Bob Clark<br /><br />Caption to Fig. 3:<br /><br />"Figure 3: Distribution of Ca-bearing sulfate, based on<br />1.92 μm band depth, ranging from 0 to 25% band depth below<br />the continuum. Grayscale regions are residual water ice."<br /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

Andrew, I liked the Hirise image you cited in the "Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter Update Thread" in the Missions & Launches forum for a Phoenix landing site:<br /><br />HiRISE | Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_002104_2485)<br />http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_002104_2485<br /><br /> It's located at 68.3°N lat., 233.9° E long. This means it's close to the sulfate deposit I mentioned at about 70°N lat., 230°E long. <br /> Notice the image contains one and possibly two volcanic landforms. They might be the origin of the nearby sulfate deposits.<br /><br /><br /> Bob Clark <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob, I like that one very much too.<br /><br />I have provided three images below highlighting the 'cones' below.<br /><br />IMO they are small volcanic cones. The first image is five kilometres across &<br />the cone is about 1 KM wide at the base, crater about 600 metres across.<br /><br />At first I could not decide if they were Pingos, but now I think they are definately<br />small volcanoes.<br /><br />This site covered within PSP_002104_2485 would certainly address all the points<br />I raised in my previous post.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob, <br /><br />Second image, cropped from the browse image of PSP_002104_2485, the far<br />eastern portion.<br /><br />It clearly shows two more similar cones, both the same size as the example shown above.<br /><br />The top one appears to have some 'hummocky' terrain above it.<br /><br />This is a very interesting site.<br /><br />If I was on the site selection panel, I would vote for this area.<br /><br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi again Bob, <br /><br />Third image, cropped & enlarged from above (cropped for browse image of <br />PSP_002104_2485, the far eastern portion). <br /><br />It clearly shows the northern cone, with the 'hummocky' terrain above it. <br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

This report shows a meltwater channel in Fig. 1 near the largest polar sulfate deposit:<br /><br />FORMATION OF THE MARTIAN NORTH POLAR GYPSUM DEPOSIT DURING THE AMAZONIAN.<br />K. E. Fishbaugh1, F. Poulet2, Y. Langevin2, V. Chevrier3, and J-P. Bibring2. 1International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Hallerstrasse 6, Bern CH-3012 Switzerland, ****@issi.unibe.ch. 2Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Campus, France. 3CEREGE, Europóle de l’Arbois, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, France.<br />Fourth Mars Polar Science Conference (2006)<br />http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/polar2006/pdf/8041.pdf <br /><br /> Perhaps the meltwater channel was formed by a near polar volcano. If so it should be located near the origin of the channel. Unfortunately, the image doesn't show the start of the channel.<br /> Anyone able to locate MOC or THEMIS images of this channel that shows the location of the origin of the channel? Then it could be determined if volcanic landforms lie nearby.<br /><br /> Bob Clark<br /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[exoscientist]

Here's a MOC image of a polar cone:<br /><br />Polar Cone<br />MGS MOC Release No. MOC2-1519, 10 July 2006.<br />http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2006/07/10/<br /><br /> It's located at 79.5°N, 57.0°W (303°E). If you look at the image above of the meltwater channel, the channel seems to be headed towards the direction of this cone.<br /> However, the caption to the image of the polar cone claims it is not a volcano, but does not provide the argument for why it is believed not to be.<br /> I attached a copy of the polar cone image below. I rotated it 90° clockwise to make it clearer it's a raised feature.<br /><br /><br /> Bob Clark<br /><br /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob.<br /><br />Thanks you again for your posts & links.<br /><br />I have & will continue to try to find the source of the melt water channel.<br /><br />I found this at 80 degrees & 6 minutes North & 89 degrees & 50 minutes West.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[dragon04]

I'd like to see Phoenix land in the place where water has likely existed the longest, speaking in geological time frames.<br /><br />It would seem intuitive to me to do so.<br /><br /><br /> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <em>"2012.. Year of the Dragon!! Get on the Dragon Wagon!".</em> </div>

 

[3488]

Also this.<br /><br />81 degrees & 48 minutes North & 89 degrees & 36 minutes West.<br /><br />Actually near the head of the melt water channels.<br /><br />There is a conical feature contained within.<br /><br />Perhaps part of the cause of the meltwater?????<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

I have cropped, enlarged & sharpened the conical feature & surrounding area<br />contained in area shown above.<br /><br />I hope this helps Bob???<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Dragon04.<br /><br />Yes ideally that would be very ideal. The sites that exoscientist & myself have been<br />discussing will address that idea of yours too.<br /><br />High latitude volcanism will have assisted in keeping the surface relatively 'warm' through<br />the heat of underground magma & the volcanoes themselves would have <br />created interesting sulphur based chemistry.<br /><br />Unfortunately Phoenix is only one lander. I would have liked to have seen two at least,<br />(not only as a safety net if the first fails) all landing within the high northern latitudes, <br />but at very different locations.<br /><br />The MERs & the Viking Landers had demonstrated this very well. Two very different landing<br />sites with the same instrumentation.<br /><br />Also found this at 78 degrees & 45' North & 131 West.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi Bob,<br /><br />Just literally found this,<br /><br />82 degrees & 26 minutes North & 93 degrees & 30 minutes West. <br /><br />Actually near the head of the melt water channels. <br /><br />There is a conical feature contained within. <br /><br />Perhaps part of the cause of the meltwater????? <br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>

 

[MeteorWayne]

That's a really interesting image!!<br /><br />Do you have a wider view showing the geo-context?<br /><br />Wayne <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080"><em><font color="#000000">But the Krell forgot one thing John. Monsters. Monsters from the Id.</font></em> </font></p><p><font color="#000080">I really, really, really, really miss the "first unread post" function</font><font color="#000080"> </font></p> </div>

 

[3488]

Hi MeteorWayne,<br /><br />Yes I agree completely. It is a fascinating image.<br /><br />No problem, it is right here.<br /><br />A high reso is here.<br /><br />Andrew Brown. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <p><font color="#000080">"I suddenly noticed an anomaly to the left of Io, just off the rim of that world. It was extremely large with respect to the overall size of Io and crescent shaped. It seemed unbelievable that something that big had not been visible before".</font> <em><strong><font color="#000000">Linda Morabito </font></strong><font color="#800000">on discovering that the Jupiter moon Io was volcanically active. Friday 9th March 1979.</font></em></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://www.launchphotography.com/</font><br /><br /><font size="1" color="#000080">http://anthmartian.googlepages.com/thisislandearth</font></p><p><font size="1" color="#000080">http://web.me.com/meridianijournal</font></p> </div>