Direction, in a positive EM field like Earth/Unified field energies flow from negative to positive with positive energies being dominate as a positive EM field. These conditions also make it impossible to see a negative EM field when we are in a positive EM field here on Earth? The 2016 Nobel prize winners equation for space expansion was negative mass, and they hide the negative mass in negative mass density.
The first result of Friedmann equation for accelerated expansion was negative mass density
2016 Nobel lecture by Adam Riess :
HSS(The High-z Supernova Search) team : if Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.38(±0.22) : negative mass density
SCP(Supernova Cosmology Project) team : if Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.4(±0.1) : negative mass density
In the acceleration equation, (c=1)
(1/R)(d^2R/dt^2) = -(4πG/3)(ρ+3P)
In order for the universe to expand at an accelerated rate, the right side must be positive, and therefore (ρ+3P) must be negative. In other words, a negative mass density is needed for the universe to expand at an accelerated rate. They had negative thoughts about negative mass (negative energy). So, they discarded the negative mass (density). They corrected the equation and argued that the accelerated expansion of the universe was evidence of the existence of a cosmological constant. However, the vacuum energy model has not succeeded in explaining the value of dark energy density, and the source of dark energy has not yet been determined.
They introduce negative pressure, which hides the negative mass density in the negative pressure, but this does not mean that the negative mass density has disappeared.
ρ Λ + 3P_Λ = ρ_Λ + 3(-ρ_Λ) = - 2ρ_Λ
If we expand the dark energy term, the final result is a negative mass density of -2ρ_Λ.
2. Logical structure of the standard cosmology
We need to look at the logic behind the success of standard cosmology.
Let's look at the equation expressing (ρ+3P) as the critical density of the universe.
(1/R)(d^2R/dt^2) = -(4πG/3)(ρ+3P)
Matter + Dark Matter (approximately 31.7%) = ρ_m ~ (1/3)ρ_c
Dark energy density (approximately 68.3%) = ρ_Λ ~ (2/3)ρ_c
(Matter + Dark Matter)'s pressure = 3P_m ~ 0
Dark energy’s pressure = 3P_Λ = 3(-(2/3)ρ_c ) = -2ρ_c
ρ+3P ≃ ρ_m +ρ_Λ +3(P_m +P_Λ)= (1/3)ρ_c +(2/3)ρ_c +3(−2/3)ρ_c = (+1)ρ_c + (-2)ρ_c = (−1)ρ_c
ρ+3P ≃ (+1)ρ_c + (-2)ρ_c = (−1)ρ_c
The logic behind the success of the ΛCDM model is a universe with a positive mass density of (+1)ρ_c and a negative mass density of (-2)ρ_c. So, finally, the universe has a negative mass density of “(-1)ρ_c”, so accelerated expansion is taking place.
Does this not show that negative mass is part of space expansion, and that would mean energies flow from positive to negative with negative energies being dominate, or a negative EM field? Don't we need that for space expansion?