<p><BR/>Replying to:<BR/><DIV CLASS='Discussion_PostQuote'>For one thing, answer the question, what is your version of EU. <br /> Posted by MeteorWayne</DIV></p><p style="text-align:center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong>EU Cosmology Theory –The Application Of MHD Theory To Objects In Space.</strong></p> <p style="text-align:center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong>A Brief Introduction</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">EU/PC theory is a
<strong>cosmology theory</strong> that was developed by the Nobel Prize winning author,
Hannes Alfven (1908-1995) and his friend
Carl-Gunne Fälthammar.(b 1931) Professor Emeritus at the
Royal Institute of Technology in
Stockholm, Sweden<span> </span>Their cosmology theory is based upon the application of MHD theory to objects in space as described in Alfven’s book
Cosmic Plasma, published in 1981.<span> </span>Alfven and Fälthammar have also written many papers on this topic, including Alfven’s introductory paper entitled “
Cosmology Of The Plasma Universe”.<span> </span><span> </span>Cosmic Plasma is the second of two books published by Alfven, the first being the work that won him the Nobel Prize in Plasma physics called
Cosmical Electrodynamics published in 1963 (second edition).<span> </span>Alfven was not only the creator of MHD theory, he was also one of the first individuals to create a
cosmology theory that is based upon MHD theory.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">EU <strong>
cosmology theory</strong> is founded upon empirical physics with roots that actually begin with the lab work of
Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917) in the early 1900’s. <span> </span>Birkeland lived in Norway and was fascinated by the aurora.<span> </span>He and some close friends undertook a polar expedition in 1902-1903 to collect in-situ measurements of the Earth’s polar magnetic field alignments during solar storms.<span> </span><span> </span>Birkeland meticulously took in-situ measurements of the polar aurora and his empirical work with terellas in a vacuum and he published a two volume set in 1908 entitled
The <em><span style="font-style:normal">
Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903.<span> </span>In this work he describes some of the hardships he and his companions endured to take in-situ ground measurements of the magnetic fields of Earth during aurora activity.<span> </span>In his volumes, he also explains in great detail, his various terrela experiments. <br /></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-style:normal">During Birkeland’s lifetime it was assumed that space was pretty much an empty vacuum.<span> </span>Birkeland was one of the first to propose that the universe is filled with electrons and flying electric ions and was filled with plasma.<span> </span>More importantly. his physical experiments in the lab enabled him to make some key “predictions’ about the nature of space that were later born out in modern satellite measurements.<span> </span>For instance, Birkeland believed that the sun was discharging from it’s cathode surface to the more positively charged heliosphere.<span> </span>He believed that this discharge process would create high speed particles that interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere.<span> </span>He also “predicted” and wrote about high energy discharges in the solar atmosphere as a result of this ongoing discharge process between the sun’s surface and the heliosphere.<span> </span><span> </span>He also “predicted” and wrote about “jets” in the solar atmosphere and also described the tornado like filaments he observed in his experiments that are today known and “Birkeland currents”.<span> </span>All of these observations have also been observed in modern satellite images.<span> </span>While Birkeland did give mathematical expression to his theories, they were somewhat complicated, and “messy”. </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="font-style:normal">Despite the empirical verification of Birkeland’s ideas in a lab, and it’s many interesting and unique predictions, Chapman’s “empty space” theories continued to prevail in mainstream thinking for many decades until satellites launch into space in the sixties finally demonstrated the presence of vertical electrical currents in the Earth’s upper polar atmosphere. <br /></span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-style:normal">Alfven later built upon Birkeland’s early discharge experiments by applying MHD theory to many of these same topics described by Birkeland and by giving them a more detailed mathematic expression in terms of MHD theory.<span> </span>Alfven wrote about
CME’s and the
Earth’s magnetosphere.<span> </span>Alfven took this process much further however.<span> </span>He <span> </span>developed an entire <strong>
cosmology theory</strong> based upon these ideas which DrRocket described in great detail, all built around the standard solar model.</span></em></p> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature">
It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. - Kristian Birkeland </div>