Hi, Claywoman. I am here to help <img src="/images/icons/smile.gif" /><br />You wrote "I don't believe in Hoagland, not that I know the man, and I don't know him but I do know that his work is shown in the 'National Enquirer' and other classy rags instead of in Scientific Journals. That right there makes me wonder about him, I know I don't have a degree in science and I know why, too much math!!! But this man pretends to be a scientist and I have no clue to his background!!!"<br /><br />At the age of 18, Richard C. Hoagland became curator of the Boston Museum of Science. He was a NASA consultant during the Apollo missions, before becoming Space Science Consultant to Walter Cronkite and CBS News.<br /><br />Richard, in the mid 60s, at the age of 19, created and co-produced the Mariner 4 (unmanned fly-by of Mars) all-night transcontinental radio program, linking his museum and the JPL control center. Richard and WTIC-Radio, in Hartford, Ct., were subsequently nominated for a Peabody Award.<br /><br />In the early 1970's, Hoagland proposed to Carl Sagan (along with Eric Burgess) the placement of a "message to Mankind" aboard Pioneer 10 -- humanity's "first unmanned probe of Jupiter", resulting in Pioneer 10 becoming the first artifact to successfully escape the solar system into the vast Galaxy beyond -- carrying "the Plaque" -- whose origins were officially acknowledged by Sagan in the prestigious journal, SCIENCE (175 [1972], 881).<br /><br /> Richard's Europa Biological Model was cited over 20 years ago, in the main science journal for Solar System Studies, Icarus (Nov. 1983). Arthur C Clark wrote, "The fascinating idea that there might be life on Europa . . . was first proposed by Richard C. Hoagland [in a 30-page article] in the magazine Star & Sky... This quite brilliant concept has been taken seriously by a number of astronomers (notably NASA's Institute for Space Studies, Dr. Robert Jastrow), and may provide one of the best motives for the projected GALILEO Missio <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>