Classical effect. If you have hot coffee in a mug, and slowly add cream, don't stir, wait about 1 min, in the center of the cup you may see a hexagon. This is a Benard cell circulation, as hot coffee rises and is cooled. In the lack of any external force, such as stirring, you will see hexagons. <br /><br />In the films I was working with, heat/cooling was not the driving force for Marangoni-Benard cell circulation. Rather the driving force was a minimization of surface energy. Surface energy becomes unstable as the film surface dries, since surface energy is strongly influenced by the concentration of dissolved solids in a liquid. Evaporation locally changes the liquid film surface solids concentration. Once surface energy becomes unstable, this can drive a cellular ciculation, by welling up fresh (more dilute) fluid to replace the concentrating fluid on the surface. I designed some interesting experiments to eliminate thermal driving force as a mechanism, and then to demonstrate that surface energy was consistent with the driving force. It was rather novel when I published this (21 yrs ago).<br /><br />Google the terms Benard or Marangoni cell for a lot of pictures and well explained examples. <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature" align="center"><em><font color="#0000ff">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</font></em> </div><div class="Discussion_UserSignature" align="center"><font color="#0000ff"><em>I really, really, really miss the "first unread post" function.</em></font> </div> </div>